Isomerase

Japanese: イソメラーゼ - いそめらーぜ(英語表記)isomerase
Isomerase

A general term for a group of enzymes that catalyze reactions that convert biomolecules into isomers. They are also called isomerases. For example, alanine, an amino acid, has two optical isomers, D-alanine and L-alanine, and an isomerase called alanine racemase catalyzes the reaction of converting D-alanine to L-alanine, or vice versa.

In the enzyme classification nomenclature proposed by the International Union of Biochemistry (now the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) in 1961, isomerases are classified as class 5, which are further divided into the following five types based on differences in their reaction patterns:

(1) Those that change the stereochemistry of a functional group attached to one asymmetric carbon in a substrate molecule. In addition to racemases and epimerases, these include the aforementioned alanine racemase.

(2) Enzymes that interconvert between cis and trans geometric isomers of substrates containing double bonds, such as maleate isomerase, which interconverts maleate and fumarate.

(3) Substrate isomerization occurs via intramolecular oxidation-reduction. Triosephosphate isomerase is one such enzyme.

(4) Those that transfer groups such as acyl groups, amino groups, and phosphate groups to other positions within a substrate molecule. These are called mutases. For example, phosphoglycerate mutase transfers the phosphate group attached to the hydroxyl group at position 2 of glycerol to position 3.

(5) Those that carry out elimination and addition reactions within a substrate molecule. Myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase is one such example.

[Kenichi Kasai]

[Reference items] | Isomers | Enzymes

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生体分子を異性体に転換させる反応を触媒する一群の酵素の総称。異性化酵素ともいう。たとえばアミノ酸の一つであるアラニンには、D-アラニンとL-アラニンの二つの光学異性体が存在するが、アラニンラセマーゼというイソメラーゼはD型をL型に、またはその逆にL型をD型へ変える反応を触媒する。

 1961年に国際生化学連合(現在は国際生化学・分子生物学連合)が提案した酵素の分類命名法で、イソメラーゼは第5類に分類され、さらにこれを反応様式の違いによって次の5種類に分けている。

(1)基質分子中の1個の不斉炭素に結合した官能基の立体配位を転換させるもの。ラセマーゼやエピメラーゼのほか、前述のアラニンラセマーゼも含まれる。

(2)二重結合を含む基質の幾何異性体のシス、トランス相互変換を行うもの。たとえばマレイン酸イソメラーゼは、マレイン酸とフマル酸を相互変換する。

(3)基質が分子内の酸化還元を伴って異性化するもの。トリオースリン酸イソメラーゼはこれに含まれる。

(4)基質分子内でアシル基、アミノ基、リン酸基などの基を他の部位へ移すもの。ムターゼとよばれる。たとえばフォスフォグリセリン酸ムターゼは、グリセリンの2位のヒドロキシ基に結合したリン酸基を3位へ移す。

(5)基質分子内で脱離反応と付加反応を行うもの。ミオイノシトール-1-リン酸シンターゼがこれに含まれる。

[笠井献一]

[参照項目] | 異性体 | 酵素

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