A radioactive element, one of the halogen elements in group 17 of the periodic table. It was once called alabamine when it was discovered in monazite, but this was later denied and no longer recognized. In 1940, Dale R. Corson (1914-2012), Kenneth R. MacKenzie (1912-2002), and Segre of the Radiation Laboratory (now the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) in the United States bombarded bismuth-209 with high-energy alpha particles to obtain astatine-211. Since it is the only halogen with an unstable isotope, in 1947 it was named after the Greek word astatos, meaning unstable. It exists in very small amounts in nature as a decay product of the uranium and thorium series, but both have short half-lives of less than one minute. About 20 isotopes are known, but the most commonly available are astatine-210 (half-life 8.3 hours) and astatine-211 (half-life 7.2 hours). Its chemical properties are similar to those of iodine, but it is more metallic than iodine. It forms compounds with the oxidation states I, I, III, V, and VII. It is a volatile solid at room temperature. It dissolves in water. Its aqueous solution is stable and can be extracted with benzene or carbon tetrachloride. It is reduced with sulfur dioxide or zinc to produce At - , and oxidized in water with bromine or iron(III) to produce AtO - . [Kenichi Morinaga and Katsunori Nakahara] [References] | | | [Supplementary information] |©Shogakukan "> Periodic Table Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
周期表17族ハロゲン元素の一つで放射性元素。古くモナズ石中からその存在が発見されたとしてアラバミンとよばれたことがあるが、これはその後否定され認められていない。1940年アメリカの放射線研究所(現、ローレンス・バークレー国立研究所)のコーソンDale R. Corson(1914―2012)とマッケンジーKenneth R. MacKenzie(1912―2002)とセグレは、ビスマス209に高エネルギーのα(アルファ)粒子を当ててアスタチン211を得た。不安定な同位体をもつ唯一のハロゲンなので1947年ギリシア語の不安定を意味するastatosにちなんで命名された。ウラン、トリウム系列の崩壊生成物として天然に極微量存在するが、いずれも半減期1分以下の短寿命である。約20種の同位体が知られているが、普通得られるのはアスタチン210(半減期8.3時間)およびアスタチン211(半減期7.2時間)である。 化学的性質はヨウ素に似ているが、ヨウ素よりも金属性が強い。酸化数-Ⅰ、Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、およびⅦの化合物をつくる。単体は室温で揮発性のある固体。水に溶ける。水溶液は安定で、ベンゼン、四塩化炭素などで抽出できる。二酸化硫黄や亜鉛で還元されてAt-を生じ、水中で臭素あるいは鉄(Ⅲ)で酸化されてAtO-を生成する。 [守永健一・中原勝儼] [参照項目] | | | [補完資料] |©Shogakukan"> 周期表 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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