An outlet where underground magma erupts on the surface as lava and volcanic gas. Also called a crater. Craters are usually several tens to hundreds of meters in diameter, with the largest being the Halemaumau Crater, 1 kilometer in diameter, located in the summit caldera of Hawaii's Kilauea volcano. Active volcanoes often have several main active areas (vents), where red-hot lava is exposed and volcanic gas is burning even under normal circumstances, and when an eruption begins, ejecta usually comes out from there. Changes in the conditions inside the crater are one of the important clues for predicting eruptions, and in particular, changes in the depth of the crater are useful for long-term prediction of volcanic activity, as it usually becomes shallower during periods of full activity. [Akira Suwa] [Reference] |©Masazumi Fujita "> Schematic diagram of the structure and morphology of a volcano Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
地下のマグマが溶岩や火山ガスとして地表に噴出する出口。噴火口ともいう。火口は直径数十~数百メートルが普通で、ハワイのキラウエア火山の山頂カルデラ内にある径1キロメートルのハレマウマウ火口などは最大級である。活火山の火口内には多くの場合いくつかの主活動部(火孔)が存在し、そこでは平生でも赤熱溶岩が露頭していたり、火山ガスが燃えていたりすることがあり、さらに、噴火が始まると、たいてい、そこから噴出物が出てくる。火口内の状況の変化は噴火予知の重要な手掛りの一つであり、とくに、火口の深さの変動は火山活動の長期予測に役だち、本格的な活動期には浅くなるのが普通である。 [諏訪 彰] [参照項目] |©藤田正純"> 火山の構造模式図と形態 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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