A caldera located in the eastern part of Kumamoto Prefecture, in the center of Kyushu. It has one of the most beautiful topography in the world. It is about 25 km north to south, 18 km east to west, and has an area of about 350 square kilometers. Over 50,000 people live in the crater floor. It is the second largest caldera in Japan after the Kussharo Caldera. Inside are the central crater cones, including the highest peak, Takadake (1,592 meters), and Nakadake, which has erupted repeatedly since recorded history. The Shirakawa River, which flows through the southern crater floor, Nangodani, joins with the Kurokawa River, which flows through the northern crater floor, Asodani, and flows from Tateno Crater Pass through the Kumamoto Plain into the Ariake Sea. It is the base of Aso-Kuju National Park, and was designated a Japanese Geopark in 2009 as "Aso Geopark." During the late Pleistocene (Pleistocene) of the Quaternary Period (approximately 270,000 to 90,000 years ago), four major eruptions occurred, and the collapse caused by the fourth super-eruption approximately 90,000 years ago created the Aso caldera in its current shape. After that, the caldera walls retreated due to erosion, and it now has its current size. During this fourth major eruption, a total of approximately 600 cubic kilometers of volcanic ash and pyroclastic flow deposits were released, and the pyroclastic flows traveled for up to 150 kilometers, covering the entire central and northern Kyushu. The volcanic ash also covered almost all of Japan, and accumulated in Hokkaido to a thickness of approximately 10 centimeters. The pyroclastic flows that accumulated in the central Kyushu region were fused together, becoming fused tuff that looks as hard as lava, and were called "Aso lava." Of the central cones inside the caldera, only Nekodake is thought to be the central cone formed between the second and third major eruptions. A lake formed within the caldera, but at the end of the Pleistocene or beginning of the Holocene (Alluvial Epoch) (about 10,000 years ago), the western outer rim was cut off, creating the Tateno Crater Rapids, and the lake water flowed out. In addition, there are four major calderas in a series extending from central to southern Kyushu - Aso, Aira, Ibusuki (Ata), and Kikai - and in 1943 (Showa 18) geologist Tadaichi Matsumoto (1892-1984) proposed that they had the same origin and were formed in roughly the same geological period. [Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata] [References] | | |The first crater is in the center of the photo, and the second crater is on the left. Aso-Kuju National Park. Aso City, Kumamoto Prefecture and Minamiaso Village, Aso District ©Ministry of the Environment "> Mount Aso (Crater group of Nakadake) View from the north, Aso City. Aso City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Takamori Town, Aso District © Kumamoto Prefecture "> Mt. Neko Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
九州の中央、熊本県東部にあるカルデラ。世界有数の美しい地形をもつ。南北約25キロメートル、東西約18キロメートル、面積約350平方キロメートルで、火口原に5万余人が居住する。カルデラの大きさとしては、日本では屈斜路カルデラ(くっしゃろかるでら)に次いで2番目。内部には最高峰の高岳(1592メートル)や、有史以後も噴火を反復してきた中岳などの中央火口丘がある。南の火口原南郷谷(なんごうだに)を流れる白川は、北の火口原阿蘇谷を流れる黒川をあわせ、立野(たての)火口瀬から熊本平野を経て、有明海(ありあけかい)に注ぐ。阿蘇くじゅう国立公園の拠点であり、2009年(平成21)に「阿蘇ジオパーク」として日本ジオパークに選定された。 第四紀更新世(洪積世)後期(約27万~約9万年前)に、4回の大噴火を繰り返し、約9万年前の4回目の超巨大噴火による陥没によって、ほぼ現在の阿蘇カルデラの形ができた。その後、侵食によってカルデラ壁が後退し、現在の大きさになった。この4回目の大噴火のときには、合計約600立方キロメートルもの火山灰・火砕流堆積(たいせき)物が放出され、火砕流は最長で約150キロメートル流れ、九州中北部全体を覆いつくした。また、それに伴った火山灰はほぼ日本中を覆い、北海道でも約10センチメートルの厚さで堆積した。中部九州に厚く堆積した火砕流は溶結して、見かけ上溶岩のように堅い溶結凝灰岩になり、「阿蘇溶岩」とよばれた。カルデラの内部にある中央火口丘のうち、根子(ねこ)岳だけは2回目と3回目の大噴火の間に形成された中央火口丘であると考えられている。カルデラ内には湖ができたが、更新世末ないし完新世(沖積世)初頭(約1万年前)に西側の外輪山が切断され立野火口瀬を生じ、湖水が流出した。 なお、九州中部から南部には、阿蘇、姶良(あいら)、指宿(いぶすき)(阿多(あた))、鬼界(きかい)の四大カルデラが連なり、同様な成因でほぼ同地質時代にできたことが、1943年(昭和18)地質学者松本唯一(ただいち)(1892―1984)によって提唱された。 [諏訪 彰・中田節也] [参照項目] | | |写真中央が第一火口、左が第二火口。阿蘇くじゅう国立公園域。熊本県阿蘇市・阿蘇郡南阿蘇村©環境省"> 阿蘇山(中岳の火口群) 北側、阿蘇市からの眺望。熊本県阿蘇市・阿蘇郡高森町©熊本県"> 根子岳 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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