School clique - Gakubatsu (English spelling)

Japanese: 学閥 - がくばつ(英語表記)school clique
School clique - Gakubatsu (English spelling)

A clique is a group that is structured around a specific academic background. It is an informal, antagonistic subgroup that is formed within a relatively large functional group as members compete to gain status within that group. Since only alumni (from the same school) can join and outsiders are excluded, academic cliques are closed and exclusive, based on the principle of particularism rather than universalism. Also, since they prioritize alumni regardless of their abilities and achievements, they are based on the principle of attribute rather than merit, and are irrational. In academic cliques, pre-modern human relationships also prevail in their internal organization. Senior-junior relationships based on graduation year function similarly to boss-subordinate or elder-brother relationships, and members of academic cliques show emotional ties with each other, and their human relationships are based on the principle of diffusionism rather than restrictionism. In academic cliques, paternalism, insiderism, and nepotism are born based on familial human relationships.

Compared to clan cliques based on local ties or family cliques based on blood ties, academic cliques are cliques formed as a result of the achievement of graduating from a particular school, and their emergence only became common in modern society.

In other words, academic cliques are negative groups that arise within modern organizations such as government agencies and large corporations, with a qualification for membership based on a certain academic background, and that promote the special interests of their members based on irrational, pre-modern human relationships. When these informal groups become stronger, the rational function of higher-ranking groups is limited.

[Makoto Aso]

"Saburo Yasuda, 'About factions: Notes on Japanese social theory (3)'" (Contemporary Sociology 3, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1975, Kodansha)

[Reference] | Educational background society | Faction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

特定の学歴を構成単位とした閥。比較的大きな機能集団の内部に、成員の当該集団における地位獲得の競争をめぐって形成される敵対的、抗争的でインフォーマルな下位集団である。学閥は、同窓(出身校の同一性)でなければ加入できず、部外者を排除するから、普遍主義原理でなく特殊主義原理にたち、閉鎖的、排他的である。また、それは同窓生をその能力や業績とはかかわりなく優先的に引き立てようとするから、業績主義原理ではなく属性主義原理にたち、非合理的である。学閥はまた、その内部組織においても前近代的人間関係が勝っている。卒業年次別の先輩・後輩関係が、親分・子分、兄貴分・弟分の関係と類似の機能を果たし、学閥のメンバーは相互に情緒的な結び付きを示し、その人間関係は限定主義原理ではなく、拡散主義原理によっている。そこでは家族主義的人間関係を基盤に、温情主義paternalism、身内主義insiderism、身びいきなどが生まれる。

 学閥は、血縁を基盤とする閨閥(けいばつ)や、地縁を契機とする藩閥などに比べると、特定の学校卒業という業績を契機として形成される閥であり、その出現が一般化するのは近代社会に入ってからである。

 つまり、学閥は、官庁や大企業といった近代的組織体の内部に、特定学歴という一種の業績を成員資格として生まれ、その非合理的、前近代的人間関係を基盤に該当成員の特殊的利益を増進するところの陰性な集団なのである。このインフォーマルな集団が強化されると上位集団の合理的機能が限定される。

[麻生 誠]

『安田三郎「閥について――日本社会論ノート(3)」(『現代社会学3』2巻1号所収・1975・講談社)』

[参照項目] | 学歴社会 |

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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