This law was enacted in 1957 (Showa 32) to ratify the 1924 Convention for the Unification of Bills of Lading (Hague Rules) and to make it a domestic law. It was Act No. 172 of 1957. It applies to the so-called international maritime transportation of goods by ship, where the port of loading or discharging is outside Japan. It restricts the exemption clauses of maritime goods carriers and establishes their liability as mandatory law. At the same time, in order to protect and encourage maritime companies, it automatically exempts carriers from liability for negligence during navigation by those employed by the carrier (captain, seamen, etc.) and fires on board the ship without special provisions. It aims to adjust the interests of carriers and shippers. The Commercial Code does not apply to maritime goods transportation contracts to which this law applies, except in cases where this law specifically recognizes its application. Subsequently, in response to changes in the shipping industry and socio-economic realities, the Hague Rules were amended by the 1968 Amending Protocol (Visby Rules) and the 1979 Amending Protocol (SDR Protocol) (Hague-Visby Rules). Japan ratified the rules in 1992 and amended the International Carriage of Goods by Sea Act. The main amendments were to strengthen the effect of the descriptions in the bill of lading (clarification of bill of lading liability), standardize the amount of damages, raise the carrier's liability limit, clarify the calculation method of the liability limit in the case of container transportation, and reduce or exempt the carrier's tort liability. With the amendment of the Commercial Code in 2018, the provisions regarding the carriage of goods by sea were reviewed with reference to the International Carriage of Goods by Sea Act. Accordingly, overlapping provisions of the International Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (such as provisions regarding bills of lading) were deleted (the only substantial changes were limited to a review of the carrier's liability limits, etc.). [Shuzo Toda and Takashi Hiraizumi, September 17, 2020] "Commentary on the Law of the International Carriage of Goods by Sea" edited by Toda Shuzo and Nakamura Masumi (1997, Seirin Shoin)" ▽ "Revised Law of the International Carriage of Goods by Sea" by Kikuchi Yoichi (1992, Shojihomu)" ▽ "Questions and Answers on the Commercial Code Amendments of 2018" edited by Matsui Nobunori and Ohno Akihiro (2018, Shojihomu)" ▽ "Basic Lectures on Modern Maritime Law" 3rd edition by Hakoi Takashi (2018, Seibundo)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1924年の船荷証券統一条約(ヘーグ・ルール)を批准し、これを国内法化するために、1957年(昭和32)に制定された法律。昭和32年法律第172号。船舶による物品運送で、船積港または陸揚港が本邦外にある、いわゆる国際海上物品運送に対して適用される。海上物品運送人の免責約款を制限して、その責任を強行法的に確立する。それとともに、海上企業を保護奨励するために、運送人の使用する者(船長、海員等)の航海上の過失や船舶における火災につき、運送人の責任を特約によることなく当然に免除する。運送人と荷主の利益の調整が図られている。本法の適用がある海上物品運送契約については、本法でとくに適用を認めている場合を除き、商法の適用はない。その後、海運界の状況の変化と社会経済の実態に即し、ヘーグ・ルールは、1968年の改正議定書(ウィスビー・ルール)および1979年の改正議定書(SDR議定書)により改正された(ヘーグ・ウィスビー・ルール)。1992年(平成4)に日本はこれを批准するとともに、国際海上物品運送法を改正した。その改正のおもな内容は、船荷証券の記載の効力の強化(証券責任の明確化)、損害賠償額の定型化、運送人の責任限度額の引き上げ、コンテナ運送の場合における責任限度額の算定方法の明確化、運送人等の不法行為責任の減免等である。2018年(平成30)の商法改正により、海上物品運送に関する規定について、国際海上物品運送法を参考にした見直しが行われた。それに伴って、国際海上物品運送法の重複する諸規定(船荷証券に関する規定等)が削除された(実質的な改正事項は、運送人の責任限度額の見直し等にとどまる)。 [戸田修三・平泉貴士 2020年9月17日] 『戸田修三・中村眞澄編『注解 国際海上物品運送法』(1997・青林書院)』▽『菊池洋一著『改正国際海上物品運送法』(1992・商事法務)』▽『松井信憲・大野晃宏編著『一問一答 平成30年商法改正』(2018・商事法務)』▽『箱井崇史著『基本講義 現代海商法』第3版(2018・成文堂)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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