When two or more nuclei have the same atomic number and mass number but different properties (e.g. half-life), they are said to be nuclear isomers. The energy levels of atomic nuclei are in the gamma ray region, and excited nuclei in higher energy levels emit gamma rays and transition to lower energy states. This process is called gamma decay, but its half-life is generally so short that it cannot be measured. However, depending on the transition selection rules, excited nuclei can have measurable lifetimes, and nuclei in such states are called isomeric nuclei. A nucleus in the ground state and an isomeric nucleus (or multiple isomeric nuclei) are nuclear isomers. A transition involving an isomeric nucleus is called an isomeric transition (abbreviated IT). There is no set limit for the lifetime required to be called an isomeric nucleus, but it is often defined as one that is longer than 10 -6 seconds. Isomers are in a metastable state, so they are distinguished from ground nuclei by adding m to their mass number, such as 234m Pa. In addition, there is a type of chemical structural isomerism, and isomers that arise from differences in the bonding patterns of ring structures are sometimes called nuclear isomers. [Iwamoto Shinbu] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原子番号、質量数が同じでも性質が異なる(たとえば半減期)核種が2種以上あるとき、これらは互いに核異性体であるという。原子核のエネルギー準位はγ(ガンマ)線領域にあり、高エネルギー準位にある励起核はγ線を放出して低準位状態に遷移する。この過程はγ崩壊であるが、一般にその半減期は測定不可能なほど短い。しかし、遷移の選択律によっては測定可能な寿命をもつ励起核も存在し、そのような状態にある核を異性核とよぶ。基底状態の核と異性核(複数の場合もありうる)とは互いに核異性体である。異性核の関与する遷移は異性核遷移isomeric transition(略号IT)とよばれる。どの程度の寿命であれば異性核とよばれるかは一定していないが、10-6秒程度以上であるものをいうことが多い。異性核は準安定状態metastable stateにあるため、質量数にmをつけ、234mPaのように書いて基底核と区別される。 また化学構造異性の一種で、環構造の結合様式の違いによって生ずる異性体を核異性体ということもある。 [岩本振武] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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