Sukarno - English spelling of Sukarno

Indonesian politician. Born in East Java on June 6, 1901. He became interested in the national movement from his high school days, and was known as "Bung Karno" (Brother Sukarno) when he entered the Bandung Institute of Technology in 1920. In 1928, he founded the Indonesian National Party and advocated "populism (Maruhaenism)." He was arrested by colonial authorities in 1929, but his court testimony calling for anti-imperialist and national liberation instead established his reputation as a national leader. He was released by the Japanese army in 1942, and together with M. Hatta and others who had studied in the Netherlands, he aimed for independence through cooperation with Japan. On August 17, 1945, immediately after Japan's surrender, he declared independence and became the first president. During the struggle for independence from the Netherlands, the initiative in the political situation returned to the hands of the anti-Japanese faction, and he spent several years in misfortune as a symbolic president. In 1955, he hosted the first Asian-African Conference (Bandung Conference), and was seen as one of the leading figures in non-aligned and neutral diplomacy, but in domestic affairs, he had a series of short-lived cabinets due to the proliferation of multiple parties. Thus, in 1957, he believed that the cause of domestic turmoil was Western-style parliamentary politics, advocated "guided democracy" based on the tradition of village democracy, and strengthened his alliance with the two major super-parliamentary forces, the Communist Party and the military. In 1958, he suppressed the Sumatran rebellion by anti-Sukarno faction, and the following year, in 1959, riding on the momentum, he forced the transition to a "guided democracy" system. From the late 1950s to the early 1960s, he used his enormous power in the country to launch a struggle to liberate West Irian from the Dutch, and in 1963, he achieved this and became president for life. With little time to breathe, he chose a confrontational course of "smashing Malaysia," and at the beginning of 1965, he also withdrew from the United Nations. During this time, Indonesia moved closer to China, which could be called the "Beijing-Jakarta Axis," but it also led to international isolation and a worsening economic crisis. As his health deteriorated that same year, the power struggle between the Communist Party and the army intensified, resulting in an attempted coup by the left, known as the "September 30th Incident." In March 1966, Indonesia was forced to hand over real power to the anti-communist army led by General Suharto, despite futile resistance, and in 1967 he was dismissed from the presidency, dying of illness on June 21, 1970 in despair. In recent years, there has been a movement to reevaluate him as the father of the nation.

His eldest daughter, Megawati Sukarnoputri, was elected to parliament in 1987 and became the fifth president in 2001.

[Yoneji Kuroyanagi]

"The Coup that Changed Asia: The Indonesian September 30 Incident and the Japanese Ambassador" by Mitsuo Taguchi (1984, Jiji Press) " "Sukarno and Suharto: Aiming for a Great Indonesia" by Takashi Shiraishi (1997, Iwanami Shoten)" "Sukarno's Autobiography" (Kadokawa Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

インドネシアの政治家。1901年6月6日東部ジャワに生まれる。高校生時代から民族運動に関心をもち、1920年バンドン工科大学入学時には「ブン・カルノ」（兄弟スカルノ）として知られた。1928年インドネシア国民党を結成、「民衆主義(マルハエニズム)」を唱えた。1929年植民地当局に逮捕されたが、反帝国主義・民族解放を訴えた法廷証言でかえって民族指導者としての名声を確立した。1942年日本軍によって釈放され、オランダ留学組のM・ハッタらとともに対日協力による独立を目ざした。日本の降伏直後の1945年8月17日独立を宣言、初代大統領に就任した。対オランダ独立闘争の過程で政局の主導権は抗日派の手に帰し、象徴的大統領として不遇の数年を送った。1955年第1回アジア・アフリカ会議（バンドン会議）を主催、非同盟中立外交の一方の雄として脚光を浴びたが、内政面では多党乱立ゆえの短命内閣が続いた。かくして1957年、内政混乱の原因は西欧型議会政治にあるとし、村落民主主義の伝統に立脚した「指導民主主義」を提唱、共産党・軍部という二大超議会勢力との提携を強めた。1958年反スカルノ派のスマトラ反乱を鎮圧、翌1959年余勢をかって「指導民主主義」体制への移行を強行した。1950年代末～1960年代初頭にかけて、国内での絶大な権力掌握をてこにオランダからの西イリアン解放闘争を展開、1963年これを達成、終身大統領となる。息継ぐ間もなく「マレーシア粉砕」という対決路線を選び、1965年冒頭には国連からも脱退。この間「北京(ペキン)・ジャカルタ枢軸」ともいうべき対中接近が進行する一方、国際的孤立と経済危機の深刻化を招いた。同年彼の健康悪化に伴い共産党と陸軍の権力闘争も激化、左派による「九月三〇日事件」といわれるクーデター未遂事件が発生した。1966年3月抵抗むなしくスハルト将軍率いる反共陸軍への実権移譲を余儀なくされ、1967年には大統領職を解かれ、1970年6月21日失意のうちに病没。近年に至り、建国の父として再評価する動きもある。

　また、長女のメガワティ・スカルノプトリは1987年、国会議員に当選。2001年には第5代大統領に就任している。

［黒柳米司］

『田口三夫著『アジアを変えたクーデター――インドネシア9・30事件と日本大使』（1984・時事通信社）』▽『白石隆著『スカルノとスハルト――偉大なるインドネシアをめざして』（1997・岩波書店）』▽『『スカルノ自伝』（角川文庫）』

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