Of course, this Mamluk system was not without opposition. Arab nomads often rebelled against the rule of foreign slaves, and the ayyar (gangsters), a group of young people in the city, found their purpose in defending the hara (town) from the violence of the military. In some cases, nomads and ayyar cooperated with the government and formed auxiliary forces for the army, but it is noteworthy that in Syria and Jazira in the 10th to 12th centuries, even if only temporarily, a coalition government of the ulama was established in the city with the support of merchants and akhdas (ayyar). From 【Kyokaku】 … [Ryosho Hayashi] From [City]...In contrast to the straight streets of the ancient Orient, the haras, surrounded by winding alleys, had their own mosques (masjids) separate from the town's central mosque, as well as public baths (hammas) and markets selling everyday items. Young men formed groups of 'ayyār (chivalrous men, outcasts, and gangsters) in each hara, who seized the property of the wealthy and played a role in defending the town against foreign forces. In the mid-15th century, Damascus had 70 haras with a population of over 500 people, its suburb Salihiya had 30, and Aleppo had 50 haras with a population of over 1,000. From [Harla]...The size of the hara varied from a population of about 500 to several thousand, but the residents knew each other and participated in wedding celebrations, prayer and exorcism ceremonies, and on the birthdays of saints, a procession of young people marched through the town with flutes and drums at the head. A strong sense of hara was born from this communal social life, and the bearers of values such as mutual assistance and helping the weak were the chivalrous ruffians (chivalrous men) called 'ayyār, aḥdāth, or shuttar. This downtown spirit was eventually inherited by Ibn al-Balad (child of the town) from the 18th century onwards. From Futwa...After the 10th century, the meaning of various religious associations and occupational groups was added, and the meaning of the word diversified. In the early Islamic period, fatā was used to refer to noble and brave young men who inherited the traditions of the Jahiliyya period, but in the mid-Abbasid period, chivalrous ruffians such as fityans and ayyars who idealized the virtue of futuwa appeared among the urban masses. Futuwa was considered an important virtue in Islamic faith, as it was called ``a branch of religion,'' and was also the spiritual pillar of Arab chivalry, so the Mamluk knights of a different ethnic group also tried to master it through the game of polo. ... *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Aiyar" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…むろんこのようなマムルーク体制に反発がなかったわけではない。アラブ遊牧民は異民族の奴隷による支配に異を唱えてしばしば反乱を起こしたし,都市の若者集団であるアイヤール‘ayyār(俠客)も軍人の暴力からハーラ(街区)を守ることに自らの存在価値を見いだしていた。遊牧民やアイヤールは政府に協力して軍隊の補助軍を構成する場合もあったが,10~12世紀のシリアやジャジーラでは,たとえ一時的であったにせよ,商人やアフダース(アイヤール)の支持を得て都市にウラマーの連合政権が樹立されたことは注目すべきであろう。… 【俠客】より…【林 亮勝】 【都市】より…古代オリエント時代の直線の街路とは対照的に,曲がりくねった路地で囲まれたハーラには,町の中央モスクとは別に独自のモスク(マスジド)があり,また公衆浴場(ハンマーム)や日常品を商う市場も置かれていた。若者たちはハーラごとにアイヤール‘ayyār(任俠,無頼の徒,俠客)のグループを結成し,富裕者の財産を奪うとともに,外国の勢力に対しては町を防衛する役割を果たした。15世紀半ばのダマスクスには人口500余りのハーラが70,その郊外のサーリヒーヤには30,同じくアレッポには人口1000余りのハーラが50あったと伝えられる。… 【ハーラ】より…ハーラの規模は人口500程度から数千までとさまざまであったが,住民たちは互いに顔見知りの間柄であって,彼らは結婚の祝いや,願掛け・厄払いの行事にこぞって参列し,また聖者の生誕祭には笛や太鼓を先頭にして若者たちの行列が町中を練り歩いた。このような共同の社会生活の中から強固なハーラ意識が生まれ,相互扶助や弱者救済などの価値の担い手がアイヤール‘ayyār,アフダースaḥdāth,あるいはシュッタールと呼ばれる任俠無頼の徒(俠客)であった。その下町気質はやがて18世紀以降のイブン・アルバラド(町の子)へと継承されていく。… 【フトゥッワ】より…10世紀以後になると,これに各種の宗教結社や職業集団の意味が加わり,その語義は多様化した。 初期イスラム時代には,ジャーヒリーヤ時代の伝統を受け継ぎ,高貴で,しかも勇敢な若者をファターfatāと呼んだが,アッバース朝中期ころになると,都市の民衆の間からフトゥッワの徳を理想とするフィトヤーンあるいはアイヤールなどの任俠無頼の徒(俠客)が現れた。フトゥッワは,〈宗教の一房〉といわれるように,イスラム信仰においても重要な徳目とされ,またアラブ騎士道の精神的支柱でもあったから,異民族のマムルーク騎士もポロの競技を通じてその修得に努めた。… ※「アイヤール」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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