Chemical change

Japanese: 化学変化 - かがくへんか(英語表記)chemical change
Chemical change

It is a process in which substances interact with each other, causing some substances to disappear and new substances to be generated in their place. In contrast, a physical change is one in which the state, properties, and external form of a substance change without the disappearance or creation of new substances.

Substances are composed of atoms, and chemical bonds exist between these atoms. In terms of bond theory, therefore, a change occurs when a chemical bond is broken under certain conditions, and new chemical bonds are formed between different types of atoms, generating a new substance. For example, when water H2O is electrolyzed, it becomes hydrogen H2 and oxygen O2 . This is because the bonds between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are broken, and new bonds are formed between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, which is a chemical change. On the other hand, when water becomes steam or ice, it is a physical change, as it is merely a change in form.

The distinction between chemical and physical changes is sometimes unclear. For example, when salt is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions, and the resulting sodium and chloride ions combine with water molecules to form new atomic groups. Also, when salt water is heated and concentrated, salt precipitates. In other words, salt water looks as if it were a uniform mixture of water and salt. Therefore, the phenomenon of salt dissolving in water is not simply a change in form, nor is it a purely chemical change.

[Toshihisa Yoshida]

[Reference] | Chemical reactions

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物質が互いに作用しあい、それらの物質が消滅するとともにこれにかわって、新しいいくつかの物質が生成することをいう。これに対して物質の消滅や新生を伴わず、状態、性質、外形のみが変化することを物理変化という。

 物質は原子より構成され、その原子間には化学結合が存在する。したがって結合論的にいえば、ある条件のもとで化学結合が解かれて、他種の原子との間で新しい化学結合が生じ新物質が生成することであるといえる。たとえば、水H2Oを電気分解すれば、水素H2と酸素O2になるが、これは水素原子と酸素原子の間の結合が切断され、新たに水素原子間、酸素原子間に結合を生じるためで、これが化学変化である。一方、水が水蒸気や氷になるのは単に形態が変化するにすぎないので物理変化である。

 化学変化、物理変化の区別がはっきりしない場合もある。たとえば、食塩を水に溶かすとイオンに解離し、その結果生じたナトリウムイオンや塩化物イオンは、水分子と結合して新しい原子集団を生ずる。また、食塩水を加熱濃縮すると食塩を析出する。すなわち食塩水はあたかも水と食塩とが均一に混ざり合った混合物のようにみえる。したがって、食塩が水に溶ける現象は、単なる形態の変化ではなく、また純粋な化学変化でもない。

[吉田俊久]

[参照項目] | 化学反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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