It is a rational investigation that applies the techniques and knowledge of natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, pharmacology, and biology, as well as psychology and sociology, to criminal investigations. It is also called scientific investigation. Scientific investigation is not only the application of science and technology as mentioned above, but also an investigation that uses methods, attitudes, and ways of thinking such as hypothetical-deductive method to make hypotheses and inferences and verify them to reveal the truth. The new constitution and the Criminal Procedure Code, which stipulates the procedures for criminal investigations, were significantly revised (enacted in 1948). As a result, the admissibility of confessions and statements as evidence became more severe, and emphasis was placed on the principle of physical evidence, which determines the facts of a crime by comprehensively examining objective evidence and making scientific judgments. As a result, the collection of evidence from the crime scene and its appraisal became important in criminal investigations. On the other hand, in order to deal with increasingly sophisticated crimes and to deal with the diversification of evidence that comes with the adoption of new industrial products into everyday life every year due to the progress and development of science and technology, research and development of investigative forensic techniques is being actively pursued. For identification, X-ray analysis, infrared and ultraviolet absorptiometry for the analysis of drugs and poisons, and gas chromatography for the analysis of oils (used in solving fire cases, etc.) are being applied, and great advances have been made in personal identification by blood classification, blood type determination from bloodstains and body fluids, and confirmation of blood type from hair only a few centimeters long. Other advances include the use of lie detectors in interrogations, the creation of montage photographs using photographic optics, and the full use of color photographs in investigative forensics. In addition, fingerprint collection methods and devices using electronics and chemistry, and computers are widely used to investigate stolen property and identify criminals from their modus operandi. Furthermore, personal identification using voice (voiceprints) has also been put to practical use. Personal identification by analysis of trace elements in hair and identification of shooters by checking trace elements in gunpowder (gunpowder smoke reaction) have also been successful in forensic investigations by using radioactivation analysis. The above scientific investigations are carried out by the National Research Institute of Police Science established in the National Police Agency, and the Scientific Examination Center and Forensic Science Division established in the Metropolitan Police Department and Prefectural Police Headquarters. Furthermore, each police station has a forensic science section, and when a more precise analysis is required, the section will request the National Research Institute of Police Science. These organizations cooperate with detectives engaged in criminal investigations, or respond to their requests, to clarify physical evidence. On the other hand, advances in scientific investigation technology can easily lead to violations of personal dignity and privacy, as can be seen in anesthetic analysis and wiretapping, and can also easily lead to violations of due process. In response to this, efforts are being made to correct excesses through the warrant system (the principle that a warrant issued by a court or judge is required for arrest, detention, seizure, search, etc.) and restrictions on the admissibility of evidence. [Susumu Komatsu] [Reference items] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
犯罪の捜査に、物理学・化学・工学・医学・薬学・生物学などの自然科学のほか、心理学・社会学などの技術・知識を応用した合理的捜査をいう。科学的捜査ともよばれる。科学捜査は以上のような科学技術などの応用のみならず、仮説演繹(えんえき)法などの手法によって、仮説や推理をたて、それを検証するといった方法、態度、思考方法をもって真相を明らかにする捜査でもある。 新憲法およびそれに基づいた、犯罪捜査の手続を定めた刑事訴訟法が大幅に改正され(1948施行)、それに伴って、自白や供述の証拠能力の制限が厳しくなって、客観的な証拠を総合的に検討し、科学的に判断することにより、犯罪事実を認定する物証主義が重視されるようになった。これに伴って、犯罪捜査は、犯罪現場からの証拠収集およびその鑑定が重要な役割をもつようになった。他方、ますます巧妙化する犯罪に対処し、また、科学技術の進歩・発展により、年々新しく開発される工業製品が日常生活に取り入れられることに伴う証拠物件の多様化に対処するためにも、捜査鑑識技術の研究・開発が鋭意進められている。 鑑定についても、X線分析、赤外線・紫外線吸光光度法による薬・毒物の分析、ガスクロマトグラフィーによる油類の分析(火災事件の解明などに使用)が応用され、血液分類による個人識別、血痕(けっこん)・体液などからの血液型判定、わずか数センチメートルの毛髪からの血液型の確認なども大きく進歩している。そのほか、うそ発見器を利用した取調べ、写真光学利用のモンタージュ写真作製、カラー写真の捜査鑑識への全面的利用がある。 また、電子工学・化学を利用した指紋採取方法・装置、コンピュータを利用した盗品捜査・犯罪手口からの犯人割り出しなども広く用いられている。さらに音声(声紋)による個人識別も実用化されている。毛髪中微量成分の分析による個人識別や、発射火薬の中の微量成分の確認による射手鑑別(硝煙反応)も、放射化分析を採用することによって、捜査鑑識に成果をあげている。以上の科学捜査を行うのは、警察庁に設置された科学警察研究所、警視庁・道府県警察本部に設置された科学検査所・鑑識課である。さらに各警察署には鑑識係が置かれ、精密な分析が必要な場合は、科学警察研究所に依頼するなどの処置がとられる。これらの機関は、犯罪捜査にあたっている刑事と協力し、あるいは依頼に応じて、物的証拠の解明に尽くしているのである。 他方、科学捜査の技術の進歩は、麻酔分析、盗聴などにみられる、個人の尊厳やプライバシーの侵害を招きやすい側面をもち、また、適正手続違反をおこしやすいので、これに対しては、令状主義(逮捕・勾留(こうりゅう)・押収・捜索などの場合、裁判所または裁判官の発する令状を必要とする原則)、証拠能力の制限などにより、行きすぎの是正が図られている。 [小松 進] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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