... From the late 18th century to the early 19th century, some people began to stand up against this inhuman treatment of the mentally ill. Examples include the Quaker merchant Tuke, who created an ideal facility called York Retreat in York, England; the aforementioned Lisle, who advocated reform of the asylums, saying that "only mental treatment can directly cure the insane," and the German doctor J. G. Langermann, who rebuilt a facility near Bayreuth into a model psychiatric hospital and lived with the sick. The most well-known example is the French physician P. Pinel, who freed patients from iron chains at the Bicetre Hospital near Paris on August 25, 1793, as the revolution was progressing. ... From Chuuk…At that time, in British psychiatric hospitals, patients were made to sleep on straw beds, chained, and treated like animals. When a member of the Society of Friends died in a psychiatric hospital, his proposal bore fruit in the form of the establishment of the York Retreat. After its establishment, the facility was passed down from generation to generation, and this movement marked the beginning of modern psychiatry. … *Some of the terminology that refers to "York Retreat" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 18世紀後半から19世紀前半には,精神病者へのこうした非人間的処遇に反対して立ち上がる人が出てくる。イギリスのヨーク市に理想的な施設〈ヨーク・リトリートYork Retreat〉をつくったクエーカー教徒の商人チューク,〈狂者を直接に治すことができるのは精神治療しかない〉として収容所の改革を説いた前述のライル,バイロイト近郊の施設を模範的な精神病院に建てかえ,病者と生活を共にした同じくドイツの医師ランガーマンJ.G.Langermannらがその例である。また,フランスのP.ピネルが,革命の進行しつつあった1793年8月25日,パリ近郊のビセートル病院で患者を鉄鎖から解放した事績は最もよく知られている。… 【チューク】より…当時,イギリスの精神病院では患者はわら床に寝かされ,鎖でつながれて,動物同然に扱われていた。〈友会〉の会員が精神病院で死亡したことが契機となって,彼の提唱は,〈ヨーク隠退所York Retreat〉の設立という形で実を結んだ。設立後,施設は代々子孫に受け継がれたが,この運動は現代精神医学のあけぼのとなった。… ※「York Retreat」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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