Kaga Ikko Ikki

From 1474 (Bunmei 6) to 1580 (Tensho 8), the Ikko monks of Kaga Province (Ishikawa Prefecture) ruled and controlled the country in this uprising. Rennyo, based on the lineage transmission since Shinran, intended to make his sect independent, and while he was staying in Yoshizaki (Awara City, Fukui Prefecture) (1471-75), he absorbed one after another the scattered Pure Land sect schools in the Hokuriku region. In 1473, on the condition of official recognition in Kaga, he intervened in an internal conflict within the shugo family at the request of Togashi Masachika, and the following year he defeated Togashi Kochiyo, who was allied with the Takada Senjuji faction (Bunmei Ikki). They then fought against Masachika in 1575, and in 1588, they installed a replacement shugo and annihilated Masachika at Takao Castle (Chokyo Rebellion). During the Bunmei Rebellion, the local lords who cooperated with Masachika formed a coalition called "gun." Also, during the Chokyo Rebellion, the clan members who came together in small regions formed "kumi." The "kumi" eventually became organizations to serve as yoriki (supporters) for the clan (illegitimate sons of the head of the clan).

In 1506 and 1521-23, political struggles in Kinai and Hokuriku led to uprisings in several provinces (the Eisho and Daiei uprisings). Because the Hokuriku sub-divisions were under the control of the Kaga clan, the Kaga uprisings spread to the whole of Hokuriku, including Echizen and Ecchu. In the 1510s, the Honganji clan turned influential people in the "gun" into their retainers, turned the "gun" into an Ikko sect organization, and subsequently banned the participation of monks in the uprisings. As a result, the Kaga uprising organization took on a strong secular character. The "gun" extended its local lordship to sub-divisions outside its territory, and the "gumi" took on military, financial, and religious roles. In 1531, due to internal conflict between the new and old suzerain's relatives, the clan fell into ruin (the Kyoroku Disturbance, or the Daisho Ikki). As a result, the "gun" and "gumi" came under direct control of Hongan-ji (subordinate to Kanazawa Gobo after 1546), which promoted the unification of personnel and functions. The "Kaga" clan, which included sub-clan members from Echizen and Noto, continued to fight against the Asakura forces in 1555 and 1564, against the Uesugi forces in the early 1570s, and against the Oda forces thereafter. The "Kaga" clan's control and borders were both private, and the only way to guarantee their safety was to continue fighting. However, with the fall of Kanazawa Gobo in 1580, the Kaga Ikki was dissolved by the Oda forces.

[Kinryu Shizuka]

"A Study of the Ikko Ikki Uprisings" by Teruo Inoue (1968, Yoshikawa Kobunkan)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1474年（文明6）から1580年（天正8）にわたり、加賀国（石川県）の一向衆徒らが、国内を支配、運営した一揆。蓮如(れんにょ)は、親鸞(しんらん)以来の血脈相承を根拠に、一宗の独立を意図し、吉崎(よしざき)（福井県あわら市）滞在中（1471～75）分散的な北陸の浄土系諸門流を次々に吸収していった。1473年には、加賀での公的認可を条件に、富樫政親(とがしまさちか)の要請を受け、守護家の内紛に介入、翌年、高田専修寺(せんじゅじ)派と結ぶ富樫幸千代(こうちよ)を倒した（文明(ぶんめい)一揆）。続いて75年には政親と戦い、88年には、かわりの守護を擁立し、政親を高尾城に滅ぼした（長享(ちょうきょう)一揆）。文明一揆時、政親に協力した国人層は連合組織「郡」を結成。また長享一揆時、小地域ごとに結集した門末は「組」を結成した。「組」はやがて一門（宗主庶子）の与力(よりき)組織となった。

　1506年、1521～23年、畿内(きない)、北陸の政争の影響を受けて、数か国に及ぶ一揆が発生（永正(えいしょう)・大永(だいえい)一揆）。北陸の門末は、加賀一門の統制下にあったため、加賀の一揆は、越前(えちぜん)、越中(えっちゅう)など北陸一帯の一揆となった。1510年代に、本願寺一門は「郡」の有力者を家人化し、「郡」を一向宗の組織とし、続いて坊主衆の一揆への参加を禁止した。そのため、加賀の一揆組織は俗的色彩を強く帯びることとなった。「郡」は在地領主権を所領外の門末へも及ぼし、「組」は軍事的、財政的宗教役を担った。1531年、新・旧宗主系親族団の内紛により、一門が没落（享禄錯乱(きょうろくさくらん)、あるいは大小一揆）したため、「郡」と「組」は本願寺に直属（1546年以後金沢御坊(かなざわごぼう)に従属）することとなり、人員面、機能面での同一化を促進させていった。越前、能登(のと)の門末を含む「加賀」衆は、1555年、64年に朝倉勢と、70年代前半は上杉勢と、それ以後は織田勢と戦い続けた。「加賀」衆の支配権とその境界線は、ともに私的で、その安全性の保障は戦い続けることによってのみ得られた。しかし、1580年金沢御坊の陥落とともに、加賀一揆は織田軍により解体された。

［金龍　静］

『井上鋭夫著『一向一揆の研究』（1968・吉川弘文館）』

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