Reformism (English spelling)

Japanese: 改良主義 - かいりょうしゅぎ(英語表記)reformism 英語
Reformism (English spelling)

Generally speaking, it refers to a position that seeks to reform and improve society gradually, rather than through drastic change. In the Marxist socialist labor movement, it refers to a movement that seeks to realize socialism gradually and peacefully through reform and improvement within the framework of the capitalist social order, as a practical and political expression of revisionism. Therefore, it is also called social reformism.

In the 1890s, the developed countries of Western Europe adopted an imperialist approach outward and a liberal and social policy approach inward that recognized the political, economic, and social demands of the working masses, and the working masses were undergoing a transformation from proletarians who had nothing to lose to "citizens with a fatherland" that needed to be protected. Reformism was the expression of this changing political and social stance of the working masses within the labor movement. It was most evident in Germany, where the Marxist socialist movement was strongest.

After the repeal of the Anti-Socialist Law in 1890, the free trade unions, which had organized the vast masses of workers who had been forced out of the German industrial monopoly, stayed one step ahead of the political parties and rejected the revolutionary class struggle and socialist revolution advocated by the political parties, and advocated and practiced reformism, which aimed to gradually secure political, social, and economic rights for the masses of workers within the existing capitalist system through political struggles in parliament and economic struggles through unions, and grew into a major social force. In the early 20th century, they supported Bernstein's revisionism, which provided a theoretical justification for their reformist practice, and challenged the leadership of the German Social Democratic Party in the socialist labor movement. On the other hand, within the party, the Lassalle faction, which advocated reformism, had been a strong force since the party's founding, but from 1890 onwards, the party advanced into various parliaments in southern Germany and local governments, enabling the working masses to partially gain political, social, and economic rights, and the reformist forces within the party grew. At the Mannheim party conference in 1906, the party allied with the free trade unions to suppress the orthodox Marxist leadership of the party, and this, combined with a generational change, meant that the reformist forces finally seized leadership of the party after 1912, and the German Social Democratic Party was transformed into a reformist party.

The victory of the reformist forces in the German socialist labor movement was not a unique phenomenon unique to Germany, but a universal phenomenon seen in the advanced countries of Western Europe. After World War I, the German Social Democratic Party, the British Labour Party, and the French Socialist Party allied with bourgeois parties to take power in their respective countries, and sought to expand the social and economic rights of the working masses through parliamentarism, and reformism became the mainstream of the socialist movement in these countries. After the success of the Russian Revolution, they advocated communism, and in opposition to the Bolsheviks who denounced reformism as opportunism, they advocated freedom and democracy in opposition to the dictatorship of the proletariat, and parliamentarism in opposition to violent revolution, and called themselves social democracy or democratic socialism to distinguish themselves from communism.

In Britain, reformism was born out of ideas different from Marxism, but in other countries, especially Germany, it remained within Marxism's ideological sphere, even though it opposed the Leninist interpretation of Marxism. However, after World War II, the theory of totalitarianism, which saw communism as the same kind as fascism, was accepted by the West German Social Democratic Party, and reformism broke away from Marxism. On the other hand, as the negative aspects of Soviet communism became widely known, Eurocommunism, which was critical of it, rose to prominence within the communist movement in developed Western countries, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union criticized it as a new reformism.

[An Seshu]

Anyoshu, "An Introduction to the History of the German Social Democratic Party: From its Founding to the Establishment of the Weimar Republic" (1973, Ochanomizu Shobo)

[References] | Eurocommunism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般的には、急激な変革によらず、漸進的に社会を改革・改良しようとする立場をいう。マルクス主義的社会主義労働運動では修正主義の実践的・政治的表現として資本主義的社会秩序の枠内で改革・改良によって漸進的、平和的に社会主義を実現しようとする運動をいう。したがって社会改良主義ともいわれる。

 1890年代に入って西欧先進諸国では、外に向かっては帝国主義路線、内に向かっては労働者大衆の政治的・経済的・社会的要求を認める自由主義的・社会政策的路線が採用されて、労働者大衆は、何も失うものをもたぬプロレタリアートの存在から、守るべき「祖国をもつ市民」へと変容を遂げつつあった。こうした変容しつつあった労働者大衆の政治的・社会的立場が労働運動内で表現されたのが改良主義である。それがもっとも顕著に現れたのは、マルクス主義的社会主義運動のもっとも強力であったドイツにおいてであった。

 1890年社会主義者鎮圧法が廃止されたのち、政党より一歩先んじて、ドイツ工業の独占化に伴って排出された膨大な労働者大衆を組織した自由労働組合は、政党が主張する革命的階級闘争や社会主義革命を否認し、既存の資本主義体制の内部で、議会を通じての政治闘争と組合を通じての経済闘争によって漸進的に労働者大衆の政治的・社会的・経済的権利の獲得を目ざす改良主義を主張かつ実践し、大きな社会勢力へと成長した。そしてそれは、その改良主義的実践を理論的に根拠づけるベルンシュタインの修正主義を20世紀初めに支持し、社会主義労働運動におけるドイツ社会民主党の指導権に挑戦した。他方、同党内でもその創立当時から改良主義を主張するラッサール派が強い勢力をもっていたが、1890年以降は、南ドイツや地方自治体の各種議会に同党が進出し、労働者大衆の政治的・社会的・経済的権利の部分的な獲得が可能となり、同党内に改良主義勢力が増大し、それは1906年のマンハイム党大会では自由労働組合と連合してマルクス主義的正統派の党指導部を抑え、世代交代と相まって12年以降ついに改良主義勢力は党指導権を掌握して、ドイツ社会民主党は改良主義政党へと転換した。

 こうしたドイツ社会主義労働運動における改良主義勢力の勝利はドイツだけの特殊な現象ではなく、西欧先進諸国にみられた普遍的現象であった。第一次世界大戦後、ドイツ社会民主党、イギリス労働党、フランス社会党はそれぞれの国でブルジョア政党と連合して政権を担当し、議会主義による労働者大衆の社会的・経済的権利の拡大を図り、改良主義はこれらの諸国の社会主義運動の本流となった。そしてそれは、ロシア革命成功後、共産主義を標榜(ひょうぼう)し、改良主義を日和見(ひよりみ)主義と非難するボリシェビキに対抗して、プロレタリア独裁に反対して自由と民主主義を、暴力革命に反対して議会主義を主張し、自己を共産主義と区別して社会民主主義ないし民主社会主義と称した。

 改良主義はイギリスではマルクス主義とは異なる思想から生まれてきたが、その他の諸国とりわけドイツではマルクス主義のレーニン的解釈には反対しながらも、その思想圏内にとどまっていた。しかし、共産主義をファシズムと同種とみる全体主義論が第二次世界大戦後、西ドイツ社会民主党に受容され、改良主義はマルクス主義と絶縁した。他方、旧ソ連共産主義のマイナス面が知れわたるにつれて、西欧先進諸国の共産主義運動内部でもそれに批判的なユーロコミュニズムが台頭し、それをソ連共産党は新しい改良主義であると批判していた。

[安 世舟]

『安世舟著『ドイツ社会民主党史序説:創立からワイマール共和国成立期まで』(1973・御茶の水書房)』

[参照項目] | ユーロコミュニズム

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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