The phenomenon in which aquatic animals (crustaceans, fish, cetaceans, etc.) move from one specific body of water to another for feeding, growth, reproduction, maintaining an appropriate temperature, etc., during the year or at certain times in their life cycle. Aquatic animals move and change habitats to some extent throughout their lives depending on the developmental stage, but some species undergo large-scale migrations. Feeding migrations, which are thought to be one of the causes of migration, are seen in bonito and tuna, swordfish, saury, and cetaceans, and involve long-distance horizontal movements. Generally, in high-latitude oceans, plankton and other organisms that serve as food are abundant, so feeding migrations move northward in the Northern Hemisphere and southward in the Southern Hemisphere. In contrast to horizontal migration, deep-sea fish such as myctophids move between shallow and deep waters, and those that live in the deep sea during the day move to the surface where food is abundant at night. This is called diel vertical migration, and is considered a type of feeding migration. Furthermore, fish are cold-blooded animals and require water temperatures suitable for their particular lifestyles, so in the case of skipjack tuna, as the water temperature rises in early summer they move north from the south along the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese archipelago to the Boso Peninsula, then move south in autumn. Pacific saury move south from the north along the Pacific coast in early autumn, then move north in the spring after spawning. The seasonal movements of fish in search of suitable water temperatures are also called seasonal migrations. In this way, feeding migrations are closely related to maintaining suitable temperatures and spawning migrations. During the reproductive season, animals move from their previous habitat to a specific location in search of a specific spawning or birthing site. Typical examples of this reproductive migration include salmon and trout that move from the ocean into rivers and migrate upstream, and eels and mitten crabs that move downstream from rivers to the ocean and migrate downstream. Many river animals, such as freshwater shrimp, crayfish, gobies, and sweetfish, spawn in rivers, develop into zoea larvae or larvae, are carried away to the ocean, grow and metamorphose, and return to the river as juvenile shrimp or juvenile fish, where they grow, mature, spawn, and age, ending their lives. Such animals that move between a relatively narrow area of rivers and the ocean are called amphidromous migrations. However, some animals, such as the Congo prawn, that have a long juvenile period and spend a long time floating in the ocean, passively migrate large distances during their larval stage by being carried by ocean currents, expanding their distribution. The large-scale migrations of fish and whales seem to be achieved by using the sun as a compass, stimuli from water currents and smells, electric fields, magnetic fields, etc. It is thought that salmon and trout remember the smell of the water in the river where they were born, or are attracted by pheromone-like substances and return to the river. Migratory fish are fish that move over a wide area. [Shigemitsu Morokita] "Masaaki Morisawa, Katsumi Aida, and Tetsuya Hirano (eds.), "Biology of Migratory Fish" (1987, Academic Publishing Center) " "Akira Goto, Katsumi Tsukamoto, and Mitsuji Maekawa (eds.), "Freshwater Fish that Migrate Between Rivers and the Sea: Life History and Evolution" (1994, Tokai University Press)" "Noriyuki Ota and Kazuo Wada (eds.), "Migration Ecology and Conservation of Steller Sea Lions" (1999, Tokai University Press)" [References] | | | |©Shogakukan "> Seasonal migration (example of yellowtail) ©Shogakukan "> Amphibian migration (example of the river prawn) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
水生動物(甲殻類、魚類、鯨類など)が1年あるいは生活史の定まった時期に、索餌(さくじ)、成長、生殖、適温維持などのために、特定の水域からほかの特定水域へ移動する現象。水族は一生の間発育段階に応じて、それぞれ多少とも移動し生息場所を変えるものであるが、種によって大移動を行うものもいる。移動の原因の一つと考えられる索餌回遊は、カツオ・マグロ類、カジキ類、サンマ、鯨類などにみられ、水平的に長距離移動を行う。 一般に高緯度の海域ではプランクトンなど餌(えさ)となる生物が豊富なため、索餌回遊は北半球では北方へ、南半球では南方へ向かって移動する。水平的回遊に対し、ハダカイワシ類などの深海性魚類は深浅移動し、昼間深海に生息していたものが夜間には餌の豊富な表層付近まで移動する。これは日周垂直回遊(日周鉛直回遊)とよばれ、索餌回遊の一つとみなされる。 また、魚類は変温動物で、種特有の生活に適した水温域を必要とするため、カツオの場合は初夏の水温上昇につれて南方から琉球(りゅうきゅう)列島、日本列島に沿って房総半島あたりまで北上し、秋には南下する。サンマは初秋に北方から太平洋岸に沿って南下し、産卵後春には北上する。魚類が適水温を求めて季節的に移動することを季節回遊ともよぶ。このように索餌回遊は適温維持や産卵回遊とも密接に関係しながら行われている。 生殖時期には、特定の産卵場所あるいは出産場所を求めて、これまでの生活場所から特定の場所へ移動する。この生殖回遊の典型的な例には、サケ・マス類のように海洋から河川へ入り遡河回遊(そかかいゆう)するもの、逆にウナギやモクズガニのように川から海へ下り降河回遊するものなどがある。ヌマエビ類、テナガエビ類、ハゼ類、アユ類などの河川動物の多くは川で産卵され、ゾエア幼生や仔魚(しぎょ)となり、流されて海洋で成育、変態し、稚エビや稚魚になってふたたび川へ戻り、そこで成長、成熟、産卵、老化して一生を終わる。このように河川と海洋の比較的狭い範囲を移動するものを両側回遊(りょうそくかいゆう)とよぶ。ただし、コンジンテナガエビのように幼期が長く海での浮遊生活が長いものは、幼生期に海流などに流されて受動的に大移動し、分布を広げているものもいる。 魚類や鯨類などの大回遊は、太陽コンパスを利用したり、水流やにおいによる刺激、電場、磁場などを使って行われているようである。サケ・マス類などは産まれた川の水のにおいを記憶し、あるいはフェロモン様物質に誘引されて、川へ戻ってくるのではないかと考えられている。なお、回遊魚とは、広い範囲を移動している魚類をいう。 [諸喜田茂充] 『森沢正昭・会田勝美・平野哲也編『回遊魚の生物学』(1987・学術出版センター)』▽『後藤晃・塚本勝巳・前川光司編『川と海を回遊する淡水魚――生活史と進化』(1994・東海大学出版会)』▽『大泰司紀之・和田一雄編著『トドの回遊生態と保全』(1999・東海大学出版会)』 [参照項目] | | | |©Shogakukan"> 季節回遊(ブリの例) ©Shogakukan"> 両側回遊(テナガエビの例) 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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