A device that supplies a suitable mixture of air and fuel to engines that use liquid fuel, such as gasoline and kerosene engines. It is also called a carburetor. The mixture ratio of fuel and air varies depending on the operating conditions, but for gasoline, the weight ratio is about 1 part gasoline to about 15 parts air, and the volume of air required is about 50 times that of gasoline. The principle of a carburetor is the same as that of a spray bottle, in that the negative pressure created when air passes through a narrow space called a venturi at high speed draws out fuel, turning it into fine mist droplets and mixing it with the air. The force that draws out the fuel is determined by the difference between the pressure in the venturi and the atmospheric pressure, and the difference in height between the tip of the fuel nozzle and the fuel level in the fuel reservoir, so there is a float chamber with a float valve to keep the fuel level in the fuel reservoir constant. The amount of air required by the engine is adjusted by a throttle valve, but if the size of the venturi is constant, if the amount of intake air increases, the fuel becomes less and the mixture becomes lean. In order to compensate for this drawback, various ideas have been added, and there are many types of carburetors. Furthermore, since the implementation of exhaust gas regulations, carburetors with an electronic adjustment function that keeps the mixture ratio constant have also been manufactured. Carburetors are classified into upward, downward, and horizontal types according to the air flow, and into fixed and variable venturi types according to the venturi structure. Fixed venturis often have two or more venturis for the reasons mentioned above. [Masatake Yoshida] ©Shogakukan "> Carburetor structure (downward fixed venturi type) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ガソリン機関や灯油機関など液体燃料を用いる機関に、あらかじめ空気と燃料を適当な割合で混合して供給する装置。キャブレターcarburetorともいう。燃料と空気の混合割合は運転状態によって異なるが、ガソリンでは、重量割合はガソリン1に対し空気約15の割合で、容積では空気はガソリンの50倍程度の量が必要である。 気化器の原理は霧吹きと同じで、ベンチュリーという狭い所を空気が高速で通過するときの負圧で燃料を吸い出し、細かい霧状の液滴にして空気と混合する。燃料を吸い出す力は、ベンチュリー部の圧力と大気圧の差と、燃料吹出しノズルの先端と燃料溜(だ)めの燃料面の高さの差によって決まるので、燃料溜めの液面の高さを一定にするために、フロート弁のついたフロート室がある。 機関の必要とする空気量は絞り弁で調節するが、ベンチュリーの大きさが一定のときは、吸入空気量が多くなると燃料が少なくなり混合気が希薄になる。このような欠点を補うためにくふうが加えられ、多種類の気化器がある。さらに排出ガス規制が実施されてから混合比を一定に保つ電気的な調整機能をもつ気化器もつくられている。 気化器には、空気の流れ方によって上向き型、下向き型、横向き型に分けられ、ベンチュリーの構造によって固定ベンチュリーと可変ベンチュリーに分けられる。固定ベンチュリーでは前述の理由により、二つ以上のベンチュリーをもつ場合が多い。 [吉田正武] ©Shogakukan"> 気化器の構造(下向き固定ベンチュリー型… 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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