...These languages are broadly divided into three groups based on the region and linguistic characteristics: Northern Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and Southern Dravidian. Southern Dravidian includes Tamil (45 million people) in the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India and northern Sri Lanka, Malayalam (25 million people) in Kerala, Kannada (34 million people) in Karnataka, Toda (800 people) in the Nilgiri Mountains, Kota (900 people), Kodagu (40,000 people) in the Coorg region, and Tulu (940,000 people) around Mangalore. Central Dravidian languages include the Central Indian languages Kui (500,000), Kubi (200,000), Korami (50,000), and Gondi (1.5 million), as well as Telugu (Andhra Pradesh, 49 million speakers), the Dravidian language with the largest number of speakers. From the Turkish tribe... The Turkish nomads of Anatolia raised large numbers of sheep and goats, and supplied the cities with dairy products, wool, fur, and meat. Carpets, kilims (flat-woven rugs), felt, and woolen fabrics, which they produced using techniques they brought over from Central Asia, were important exports from Anatolia from the 13th century onwards. The Turkmens also adopted breeding techniques from the Parthian Kingdom in the 2nd century BC, and raised half-dromedary camels (called "tulu" or "Turkmen camels" in Turkey, which are resistant to both the heat of summer and the cold of winter), and played an active role in trade and transportation. In other words, the nomads' mobility served as a lubricant connecting cities and rural areas. ... *Some of the terminology that mentions "Tulu" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…これら諸語は,地域と言語の特徴とに基づいて,北部ドラビダ語,中部ドラビダ語,南部ドラビダ語の三つに大別される。まず南ドラビダ語には,南インドのタミル・ナードゥ州およびスリランカ北部のタミル語(4500万人),ケーララ州のマラヤーラム語Malayalam(2500万人),カルナータカ州のカンナダ語Kannada(3400万人)のほか,ニルギリ山中のトダ語(800人),コータ語(900人),クールグ地方のコダグ語(4万人),マンガロール周辺で話されるトゥル語Tulu(94万人)などがある。また中部ドラビダ語には,中央インドのクイ語Kui(50万人),クビ語(20万人),コラーミ語(5万人),ゴーンディ語Gondi(150万人)などが含まれるほか,ドラビダ語族中,最大の話者人口をもつテルグ語(アーンドラ・プラデーシュ州,4900万人)も含まれると考えられている。… 【トルコ族】より… アナトリアのトルコ系遊牧民は多数の羊,ヤギを飼育し,それによって得られる乳製品,羊毛,毛皮,食肉などを都市に供給し,彼らが中央アジアからもちきたった技術を駆使したじゅうたん,キリム(平織の敷物),フェルト,毛織物は,13世紀以降アナトリアの重要な輸出品であった。また,トルクメンは,前2世紀のパルティア王国時代以来の交配技術を取り入れて,アラブのヒトコブラクダと中央アジアのフタコブラクダとの交配種であるヒトコブ半のラクダ(トルコでは,〈トゥルtulu〉ないしは〈トルクメンのラクダ〉とよばれ,夏の暑さにも冬の寒さにも耐久力をもつ)を飼養するなどして,交易・輸送に活躍した。つまり,遊牧民はその機動力によって,都市と農村を結ぶ潤滑油の役割を果たした。… ※「Tulu」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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