treatment

Japanese: treatment
treatment

...In the talkie era, the problem of dialogue to replace the subtitles of silent films arose, and playwrights and novelists began to participate in film scripts, and the importance of scripts was emphasized once again. However, this inevitably led to an increase in dialogue, undermining the foundation of the purely visual film direction perfected in the silent era, and a stronger tendency to rely on words rather than images, which in fact resulted in a delay in the development of "film art." The process of writing a script begins with a "synopsis" (or synopsis) written roughly by the screenwriter, followed by a "treatment" (the main text) (Japanese film scripts are usually written in the form of a "box script" that summarizes the development of the story and the relationships between characters by scene along with the dialogue), and then the "shooting script" (continuity), in which the director divides the scenes based on his or her directing plan and specifies in detail the shooting, lighting, and actors' entrances and exits for each cut. Some directors, like Eisenstein and Hitchcock, draw a storyboard for each cut.

From 【Delinquency】

…Under these influences, the modern school of criminal law was born, and F. von List and others came to oppose retributive punishment and advocate purposive punishment. Through these developments, retributive punishment was replaced by human and psychological treatment centered on personal understanding, which came to be called treatment. In the 20th century, pioneered by Gruehle of Germany and W. Healy of the United States, scientism was introduced, which based treatment on actual research into the causes of delinquency, and scientific research was actively carried out in various fields. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "treatment" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…トーキーの時代を迎えると,サイレント映画の字幕に代わる台詞(dialogue)の問題が生じ,劇作家や小説家が映画のシナリオに参加するようになり,シナリオの重要性が改めて強調されたが,そのために,いきおいせりふが多くなって,サイレント時代に完成された純粋に視覚的な映画演出の基盤がくずれ,映像よりもことばに頼る傾向が強くなり,〈映画芸術〉の発達を遅らせる結果になったことも事実である。 シナリオの作業過程としては,脚本家あるいはシナリオライターscreenwriterによって,まずざっとあら筋が書かれた〈synopsis〉(シノプシスあるいは梗概(こうがい))があり,次いで〈treatment〉(本書き)があり(日本映画のシナリオは,ふつう,物語の展開や人物間の関係をせりふとともにシーンごとにまとめた〈箱書き〉の形式で書かれる),それから監督が演出プランに基づいてカット割りを行ってカットごとの撮影,照明,演技者の出入りまでを細かく規定した〈shooting script〉(撮影台本あるいはコンテ=コンティニュイティ)の段階がある。エイゼンシテインやヒッチコックのようにカットごとに〈storyboard〉(絵コンテ)を描く監督もいる。…

【非行】より

…これらの影響を受けて刑法における近代学派が誕生し,F.vonリストらは応報刑に反対して目的刑を主張するに至った。このような経緯をへて応報的刑罰に代わり,個人的な理解を中心とした人間的・心理的な取扱いがなされはじめ,処遇treatmentと呼ばれるようになった。20世紀に入ると,ドイツのグルーレやアメリカのヒーリーW.Healyらを嚆矢(こうし)として,非行原因の実態調査を基礎に処遇を行う科学主義が導入され,さまざまな分野において科学的研究が活発に進められた。…

※「treatment」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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