Kaidokiryu - Kaidokiryu

One of the border governance policies implemented in the Ming and Qing dynasties, focusing on the southwestern region of China. It is also called "Kaitu Wei Liu". In Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, and other areas, minority ethnic groups such as the Miao and Yao live, but the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) did not implement the normal local administrative system in these areas, but instead established "Tuzhou and Prefectures". The Qing dynasty (1616-1912) also followed the Ming system, appointing the heads of each tribe as "Tuzhou" (local officials) in Tuzhou and Prefectures, allowing them to govern themselves under the Tuzhou, and supervising them with bureaucrats dispatched from the central government. These Tuzhou were civil servants who could be hereditary, but on the other hand, heads who led their tribes and returned home and had military merit were appointed as "Tusi", military officers. The Qing dynasty, which followed the Ming system, eventually abolished Tuzhou and Tusi and reorganized into a normal local administration. The practice of promoting these Tuguans and Tusi to be "Pinliukan," or official bureaucrats, was called kaituguiliu. Kaituguiliu was promoted on a larger scale by Ortai, who put down the rebellions of the ethnic minorities in this region during the Yongzheng era (1723-1735).

[Yoshio Hosoya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、明(みん)、清(しん)朝で行われた中国の西南地方を中心とする辺境統治政策の一つ。改土為流(いりゅう)ともいう。雲南、貴州、四川(しせん)、広西などにはミャオ族、ヤオ族などの少数民族が住んでいるが、明朝（1368～1644）ではこれらの地域に通常の地方行政制度を実施せずに「土州・県」を設置した。清朝（1616～1912）でも明の制度を踏襲して、各部族の族長を土州・県の「土官」に任命して、土官の下での自治を許し、それを中央派遣の官僚が監督した。これらの土官は世襲も認められる文官であるが、一方、部族を率いて来帰し、戦功のあった族長は武官である「土司」に任命された。明の制度を踏襲した清朝は、やがて土官、土司を廃止して通常の地方行政に編成し直した。この土官、土司を「品流官」すなわち正式の官僚とすることを改土帰流という。雍正(ようせい)年間（1723～35）にこの地方の少数民族の反乱を鎮圧した鄂爾泰(オルタイ)の手によってより大規模に改土帰流は進められた。

［細谷良夫］

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