Kaitokudo

A school funded by townspeople that was established in Osaka in 1724 (Kyoho 9). There was already a private school funded by townspeople called Gansui-do in Hirano-go, Osaka, but following this example, Kaitoku-do was founded in the Domyoujiya retreat in Amagasaki by the Five Comrades, who were the initiators of the idea. Initially it was a private school for Chinese classics, but under the educational promotion policy of the 8th shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, it received official permission in 1726 and became a semi-governmental school, and the school's scale expanded. It was completely destroyed in a fire in 1792 (Kansei 4), and was rebuilt four years later. The first headmaster, Miyake Sekian, offered a flexible academic education that combined the teachings of Cheng Zhu, Rikuo, and ancient learning. Sekian's academic style, commonly referred to as "Nue learning," was well suited to the practical, down-to-earth Osaka merchants who had built the school themselves. Sekian's academic style was passed down to the second headmaster, Nakai Shuan, and the third headmaster, Miyake Shunro, but under the fourth headmaster, Nakai Chikuzan, he and his brother Riken formed their own unique academic style, ushering in Kaitokudo's heyday. From then on, the school continued to exist as a school for the common people of Osaka until it was closed in 1869 (Meiji 2). Among its students were Tominaga Nakamoto and Yamagata Banto. The former Kaitokudo collection and related materials are currently housed in the Kaitokudo Bunko at the Osaka University Library in Toyonaka City, and materials from the Nakai family and others have recently been added.

[Yoshi Ueda]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

1724年（享保9）大坂に設立された町人出資の学校。町人出資の学校としては、すでに大坂・平野郷に私塾含翠堂(がんすいどう)があったが、これに倣って、大坂の代表的豪商三星屋武右衛門、道明寺屋(どうみょうじや)吉左衛門、舟橋屋四郎右衛門、備前屋(びぜんや)吉兵衛、鴻池屋(こうのいけや)又四郎ら（五同志）が首唱者となって、尼崎(あまがさき)の道明寺屋の隠宅で開校したのが懐徳堂である。当初は漢学の私塾であったが、8代将軍徳川吉宗(よしむね)の学問奨励策のもと、1726年には官許を受けて半官立となり、学校の規模も拡大した。1792年（寛政4）の大火で全焼、4年後に再建。初代学主三宅石庵(みやけせきあん)は程朱(ていしゅ)、陸王(りくおう)、古学(こがく)を折衷した柔軟な学問教育を行った。世に「鵺(ぬえ)学問」とよばれた石庵の学風は、実質的、現実的な大坂商人が自らの手で築いた学校によく符合していた。2代学主中井甃庵(しゅうあん)、3代学主三宅春楼(しゅんろう)にも石庵の学風は受け継がれたが、4代学主中井竹山(ちくざん)の時代には弟履軒(りけん)とともに独自の学風を形成し、懐徳堂の最盛期を迎えた。以後、1869年（明治2）の廃校に至るまで大坂庶民の学校として存続した。受講生のなかからは富永仲基(なかもと)、山片蟠桃(やまがたばんとう)らを輩出している。旧懐徳堂の蔵書および関係資料は、現在豊中(とよなか)市の大阪大学附属図書館の懐徳堂文庫に収められ、最近中井家などの資料も追加されている。

［上田　穣］

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例