Undersea volcano

Japanese: 海底火山 - かいていかざん
Undersea volcano

A volcano formed by an undersea eruption. There are countless volcanoes on the mid-ocean ridge. Volcanoes formed in shallow waters may appear above sea level as ejecta accumulate. However, many of them are submerged due to erosion caused by waves. Before appearing above sea level, violent magma-water vapor explosions often occur, such as Myojinsho, which appeared in the waters off the Izu Islands in 1952 (Showa 27). New islands such as Iojima, Kagoshima Prefecture, which was formed in 1934 (Showa 9), and the new island that appeared near Nishinoshima in the Ogasawara Islands in 1973-1974 are examples of newly formed volcanic islands. Eruptions on the shallow sea floor, up to a depth of several hundred meters, can be seen by rising water levels, discoloration, and the floating of dead fish and pumice. In deep-sea volcanoes, such as those in the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean, the water pressure is great and eruptions are mainly mild lava outflows, making it difficult to observe eruption phenomena from above the sea.

[Akira Suwa and Setsya Nakata]

"The Mystery of Submarine Volcanoes: Nishinoshima Exploration Report" edited by Aoki Bin and Kosaka Jyoyo (1974, Tokai University Press) " "Submarine Volcanic Eruptions in the Seas Near Japan" by Kosaka Jyoyo (1991, Tokai University Press)

[Reference] | Volcano

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

海底で噴火がおこってできた火山。中央海嶺(かいれい)には無数の火山が存在する。浅海でできた火山は、噴出物が堆積(たいせき)して海上に出現することがある。しかし、その多くは波浪による侵食などで水没する。1952年(昭和27)に伊豆諸島海域に誕生した明神礁(みょうじんしょう)のように、海上に現れる前に、激しいマグマ水蒸気爆発をしばしばおこす。1934年(昭和9)誕生の鹿児島県硫黄(いおう)島新島や1973~1974年に小笠原(おがさわら)諸島の西之島付近に生じた新島が新しく出現した火山島の例である。水深数百メートルまでの浅海底での噴火は、水面の噴騰、変色、死魚や軽石の浮上などによって認められる。太平洋や、大西洋などの深海でできる火山では、水圧が大きく、噴火はおもに穏やかな溶岩流出型であるため、海上から噴火現象を認めることは困難である。

[諏訪 彰・中田節也]

『青木斌・小坂丈予編『海底火山の謎――西之島踏査記』(1974・東海大学出版会)』『小坂丈予著『日本近海における海底火山の噴火』(1991・東海大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 火山

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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