Primary coolant

Japanese: 一次冷却材 - いちじれいきゃくざい(英語表記)primary coolant
Primary coolant
A gas or liquid that cools the core of a nuclear reactor to extract thermal energy from the core. To be usable as a coolant, it must have the following properties: (1) a large specific heat to efficiently transport thermal energy, (2) little neutron absorption to prevent it from affecting the nuclear reaction in the core, and (3) little decomposition or radioactivity due to radiation. In light water reactors, water is circulated through the core to remove heat from the fuel rods, and this is called primary coolant. In gas reactors, helium or carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide gas) is used, and in fast breeder reactors, liquid metal (such as sodium) is used. As the primary coolant passes through the core, it is activated by neutrons ( 16N for water, 22Na and 24Na for sodium), and small amounts of fission products may leak from the fuel rods and mix with the coolant, making it radioactive. Nuclear power generation can be divided into two types: the direct cycle, in which the primary coolant boils in the core, as in boiling water reactors, to directly turn a turbine generator, and the indirect cycle, in which the heat from the primary coolant is used to boil a separate, non-radioactive coolant, as in pressurized water reactors, to turn a turbine generator.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
原子炉の炉心部から熱エネルギーを取り出すために炉心を冷却する気体や液体をいう。冷却材として使えるためには,(1) 熱エネルギーを効率よく運ぶため比熱が大きい,(2) 炉心の核反応に影響しにくいために中性子吸収が少ない,(3) 放射線の影響で分解したり放射能をもったりしにくい──などの性質が望ましい。軽水炉では,燃料棒から熱をとるために,水を炉心に循環させており,これを一次冷却水という。ガス炉ではヘリウムや二酸化炭素 (炭酸ガス) ,高速増殖炉では液体金属 (ナトリウムなど) が使われる。一次冷却材は炉心部を通過することから,中性子により放射化され (水では 16N ,ナトリウムでは 22Na と 24Na ) ,また燃料棒より核分裂生成物の少量の漏れが冷却材に混入することがあり,放射性物質を含有する。原子力発電では,沸騰水型原子炉のように一次冷却材が炉心で沸騰して直接タービン発電機を回す直接サイクル方式と,加圧水型原子炉のように一次冷却材の熱で放射能を含まない別系統の冷却材を沸騰させてタービン発電機を回す間接サイクル方式とがある。

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