The opposite reaction of polymerization, where a polymer breaks down to produce a monomer. The decomposition of polymeric substances is caused by heat, light, bacteria, etc., and the presence of oxygen often accelerates the decomposition. In synthetic polymers, it proceeds as a reverse reaction of the reaction that produced it, and in polymers with special structures, decomposition can occur like a zipper opening from the end of the molecule. The product is a monomer, but in some cases, such as polyvinyl chloride, the decomposition of the side chain can produce hydrochloric acid gas. On the other hand, in solutions, nylon and cellulose often break down irregularly from any point of the main chain that constitutes them. Examples of improving moldability by reducing the molecular weight through depolymerization of the main chain include masticating raw rubber with a roll and fermentation to produce glucose from starch. It is common to use inhibitors to prevent the performance of polymeric substances from decomposing. Since the 1990s, chemical recycling, which involves recovering useful small molecular weight substances from plastic waste and using them effectively, has attracted attention. Since it requires a lot of energy to depolymerize linear polymers down to the monomer level, they are depolymerized down to the oligomer level and are then used effectively in various applications. [Hiroshi Kakiuchi] [Reference] | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
重合の反対の反応で、重合体が分解して単量体を生成する現象。高分子物質の分解は、熱や光、バクテリアなどによって引き起こされ、酸素の存在が分解を促進することが多い。合成高分子ではそれが生成した反応の逆反応として進み、特別な構造のポリマーでは、分子の末端からファスナーを開いていくような分解がおこる例がある。そのときの生成物は単量体であるが、ポリ塩化ビニルのように側鎖の分解で塩酸ガスを発生する場合もある。一方、ナイロンや繊維素(セルロース)は溶液中では分解が、構成している主鎖の任意の点から不規則におこることが多い。主鎖の解重合によって分子量を低下させて成形性をよくした例には、生ゴムをロールで素練りしたり、デンプンからブドウ糖を生成する発酵などがある。分解による高分子物質の性能の低下を防止するために禁止剤を用いておくのが一般的である。1990年代以降、プラスチック廃棄物から有用な分子量の小さい物質を回収して有効利用するケミカル・リサイクルが注目されるようになった。線状高分子では単量体まで解重合させるのは多くのエネルギーを要するのでオリゴマー程度まで解重合させて、これをいろいろな方面に有効利用している。 [垣内 弘] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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