Under international law, diplomatic missions and diplomats of foreign countries are given special protection and treatment that is different from that of ordinary foreigners. This is called diplomatic privileges or diplomatic immunity. Diplomats are granted this special status because they need to maintain the honor and dignity of their country and perform their duties efficiently. Diplomatic privileges include inviolability and extraterritoriality. Inviolability is the right of diplomatic missions to have their life, body, freedom, honor, residence, official documents, and correspondence protected from infringement. The host country must ensure that not only must officials themselves not violate these rights, but also that private citizens do not violate them. For example, diplomats cannot be arrested or detained, and sufficient measures must be taken to prevent private citizens from entering the embassy. Extraterritoriality means that diplomats are exempt from the host country's criminal, civil, and administrative jurisdiction, police power, taxation power, and administrative powers such as services and social security. For example, a host state can prosecute and punish diplomats only if its home state has expressly waived that privilege. Diplomatic immunity is granted to diplomats and their families, as well as to heads of state and foreign ministers, and, to a more limited extent, to the administrative, technical and service staff of a mission and their families. Similar privileges are also granted to members of special missions, members of national missions to international organizations, senior officials of international organizations, and judges of the International Court of Justice. [Kazuya Hirobe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
国際法上、外国の外交使節団および外交官には、一般の外国人とは異なる特別の保護・待遇が与えられる。これを外交特権または外交特権免除という。外交官にこのような特別の地位が認められるのは、彼らが国家を代表してその名誉と威厳を維持し、任務を能率的に遂行する必要があるからである。外交特権には不可侵権と治外法権がある。不可侵権は、外交使節の生命・身体・自由・名誉・館邸・公文書・通信などを侵されない権利である。接受国は、官吏自身がこれらを侵害してはならないことはもとより、一般の私人がこれを侵害しないように十分の警備を尽くさなければならない。たとえば、外交官を逮捕・拘束するなどはできないし、私人が大使館に侵入することのないよう十分な措置を講じておかなければならない。治外法権とは、外交官が接受国の刑事・民事・行政の各裁判権、警察権、租税権、役務・社会保障などの行政権より免除されることである。たとえば、接受国が外交官を訴追・処罰できるのは、その本国が明示的に特権を放棄した場合のみである。 外交特権は、外交官とその家族のほか、元首や外務大臣にも同様に認められ、また、使節団の事務技術職員および役務職員とそれらの家族にも、より制限的ではあるが一定の範囲で認められる。なお、特別使節団の構成員、国際組織に派遣される各国代表部の構成員、国際組織の上級職員、国際司法裁判所裁判官などにも、外交特権に準ずる特権が認められる。 [広部和也] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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