Taste bud - Mirai (English spelling)

Japanese: 味蕾 - みらい(英語表記)taste bud
Taste bud - Mirai (English spelling)

Also called taste buds. A sensory organ for taste, containing taste cells that act as taste receptors. In vertebrates, taste buds are generally found in the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and larynx in the oral cavity, but in fish, they are also found on the body surface and baleen. In mammals, about 80% of taste buds are distributed in the fungiform (mushroom-shaped) papillae (about 100 in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue in humans), foliate papillae (one on each side of the posterior part of the tongue), and circumvallate papillae (about 10 in the posterior part of the tongue) scattered on the surface of the tongue. An adult is said to have 4,000 to 5,000 taste buds in the entire oral cavity. In humans, there are several taste buds in fungiform papillae, about 500 in foliate papillae, and about 200 in circumvallate papillae. Taste buds are shaped like flower buds, with a long axis of 70 micrometers and a short axis of 50 micrometers. They contain several dozen cells, which are divided into taste cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. There is a taste pore at the apex of the taste bud, through which taste substances stimulate the taste cells. The excitement of the taste cells is transmitted to gustatory nerve fibers contained in the chorda tympani nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve. Taste cells have a life span of about 10 days, and are constantly replaced by new cells.

[Toshihide Sato]

[Reference] | Tongue | Taste
Circumvallate papillae and taste buds
©Shogakukan ">

Circumvallate papillae and taste buds

Structure of taste buds
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of taste buds

Names of parts of the tongue and papillae
©Shogakukan ">

Names of parts of the tongue and papillae


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

味覚芽(みかくが)ともいう。味覚の感覚器で、その中には味受容器である味細胞が含まれる。味蕾は、脊椎(せきつい)動物では一般に口腔(こうくう)内の舌、軟口蓋(なんこうがい)、咽頭(いんとう)および喉頭(こうとう)にみられるが、魚類では体表やひげにもみられる。哺乳(ほにゅう)動物では、味蕾の約80%は舌表面に散在する茸状(じじょう)(きのこ状)乳頭(ヒトでは舌の前3分の2に約100個ある)、葉状(ようじょう)乳頭(舌の後部各側縁に1個ある)および有郭乳頭(舌の後部に10個ほど存在する)内に分布する。成人では口腔全体で4000~5000個の味蕾があるといわれる。また、ヒトの場合、味蕾は茸状乳頭に数個、葉状乳頭に約500個、有郭乳頭に約200個含まれる。味蕾は形態が花の蕾(つぼみ)状で、大きさは長径70マイクロメートル、短径50マイクロメートルほどである。味蕾中には数十個の細胞が含まれ、味細胞、支持細胞、基底細胞などに区別される。味蕾の頂上には味孔があり、そこを介して味物質が味細胞を刺激する。味細胞の興奮は、鼓索(こさく)神経や舌咽(ぜついん)神経などに含まれる味覚神経線維に伝達される。味細胞の寿命は約10日であり、次々と新しい細胞と入れ替わる。

[佐藤俊英]

[参照項目] | | 味覚
有郭乳頭と味蕾
©Shogakukan">

有郭乳頭と味蕾

味蕾の構造
©Shogakukan">

味蕾の構造

舌の各部名称と舌乳頭
©Shogakukan">

舌の各部名称と舌乳頭


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