New Confucianism

...When historical and social developments threatened the "ritual and teaching" system, Confucianism broadened the scope of its interpretation of the "classes of classics" and incorporated Buddhism, Taoism, and other religions into itself to prevent the defection of scholars from the "ritual and teaching" system. After the Song Dynasty (10th century), as the aristocracy of the Sui and Tang dynasties was dissolved and a new class of officials emerged as the ruling class, using the imperial examination system as a foothold. In the midst of the domestic and international political and economic tensions of the unified dynasty, nationalistic ideas of "justification" and orthodoxy were developed, and the ideological crisis caused by the popularity of Buddhism and Taoism led to the development of New Confucianism, or Song learning, which sought to cultivate a sense of morality and to actively master the ways of the ancient sages. This declared the "Three Principles, Five Ethics" and the "Five Constant Virtues" to be "Principles" (Heavenly Principles), explained the differences between all things (nature and man) due to "Qi", systematized the patriarchal "ritual and teaching" system with the concept of "Principles and Qi", and was completed as the refined idea of ​​the unity of heaven and man, Neo-Confucianism.

*Some of the terminology that refers to "New Confucianism" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…歴史･社会の進展から〈礼教〉体制の危機がおそうとき，儒教は〈経書〉解釈の枠を広げ，仏教，道教などを自己の中に組み入れて〈礼教〉体制からの士人の離反を防いだ。宋代(10世紀)以後，隋･唐貴族制の解体に代わって科挙を足場に新興階級が官人支配層として登場してくると，統一王朝の国内･国際的な政治･経済上の緊張状態のなかで，国家主義的〈名分〉思想や正統論を展開させ，仏教･道教の流行による思想的危機感から，道義心を養い古聖の道を主体的に体得しようとする新儒学New Confucianism，すなわち宋学が生まれた。これは〈三綱五倫〉と〈五常〉とを〈理〉(天理)と宣言し，〈気〉による万物(自然と人)の差異を説き，家父長制的〈礼教〉体制を〈理気〉概念で体系づけ，洗練された天人合一思想，朱子学となって完成した。…

※「New Confucianism」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報