German physician and astronomer. Born near Bremen. In 1777, he went to Göttingen to study astronomy and medicine. He became interested in comets under the influence of Abraham Gotthelf Kästner (1719-1800), the director of the local observatory. He obtained his medical degree in 1781 and opened a practice near Bremen, but continued astronomical observations throughout his life. In 1796, when he discovered a new comet, he applied his own method of estimating its orbit by observing the comet three times in a short period of time, and proved that this method was easier than Laplace's method of estimating a parabolic orbit by repeated approximations. As a result, Olbers' method was used for orbit calculations during the 19th century. He also made a great contribution to the exploration of asteroids, rediscovering Ceres, which had been missing since its initial discovery, in January 1802, Pallas in March of the same year, and Vesta in 1807. He discovered seven comets in his comet explorations. From his observations and research of comets, he hypothesized that the interstellar space is not a vacuum, but that there is a certain amount of matter there, and further proposed Olbers's paradox in 1823. This question arose as to why the night sky is dark, even though it should be bright if stars were uniformly distributed in the universe. Olbers thought that the light of distant stars was absorbed by interstellar matter, making it dark. However, this theory was deemed to be an incoherent solution, because when interstellar matter absorbs light, it becomes incandescent, re-emits the energy, and begins to shine again. The solution to Olbers' paradox is now explained by the expansion of the universe and the finite age of the universe. [Editorial Department] [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの医者、天文学者。ブレーメン近郊で生まれる。1777年にゲッティンゲンへ行き、医学とともに天文学を学んだ。その地の天文台で台長ケストナーAbraham Gotthelf Kästners(1719―1800)の影響で彗星(すいせい)に興味をもつ。1781年、医学の学位を取得、ブレーメン近郊で開業したが、生涯天文観測を続けた。1796年、新しい彗星を発見した際、その軌道に対して、短時間のうちに3回彗星を観測して軌道を推定するという独自の方法を適用して、これまでの近似を繰り返して放物線の軌道を推定するラプラスの方法より簡単であることを立証した。そのことにより19世紀の間、オルバースの方法が軌道計算に使われた。また、小惑星の探査でも多大な貢献をしており、1802年1月、最初の発見後行方不明となっていたケレスを再発見し、同年3月にパラス、1807年にベスタを発見している。彗星探査においては7個の彗星を発見している。そして、彗星の観測・研究から、星間は真空でなく、物質がある程度あると想定し、さらに、オルバースの背理を1823年に提起した。これは、宇宙に星が一様に分布しているなら、夜空は明るくなるはずなのに、なぜ暗いのか、というもので、オルバースは遠くからの星の光は星間物質に吸収されて暗くなると考えた。しかし、この説は星間物質が光を吸収することにより、白熱してエネルギーを再放出し、また輝き出すということで、解答とはならないとされた。現在では宇宙の膨張と宇宙の年齢の有限性によってオルバースの背理の解答が説明されている。 [編集部] [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…For example, in the case of pneumonia, inflammat...
…The jurisdiction of the shogunate, shugo, jito, ...
The title of a Nagauta song. It was first perform...
…This is because the larvae have the tendency to ...
… [Sizing for the paper industry] To make paper a...
…[Isao Hanyu]. … *Some of the terminology that me...
… [20th century] In the early 20th century, the p...
...It was invented based on the safety net of a t...
…The next time they were introduced was at the en...
The time it takes for the moon to pass the vernal ...
...It is an evergreen herbaceous shrub of the Aca...
…Sea urchin [Minoru Imajima]. . . *Some of the te...
…(2) A Chinese conversation textbook compiled by ...
...It is necessary to clarify the species to be e...
HN3 (43.03). Also known as hydronitrile acid and ...