Publicani

Japanese: publicani

...Similar contracts existed in China, but they did not necessarily correspond exactly to those in the European world.
[Rome]
In the late Roman Republic, when the territory of Rome expanded rapidly and the empire was formed, the development of the bureaucratic system could not keep up with the expansion of tax collection work, and various systems coexisted, as the traditional tax systems of the territories under its control continued. Therefore, the scope of activity of tax collectors (publicani) was extremely large. The contractors for tax collection from the provinces were selected by bidding, and this right was obtained by those with large capital.

From Rome

...the Porticus Aemilia (193 BC), used as a storehouse; the Pons Aemilius (179 BC), the oldest stone bridge over the Tiber; the basilicas in the central forum (the Basilica of Cato the Elder, 184 BC, the Basilica Aemilia, 179 BC, and the Basilica Sempronia, 170 BC); the oldest marble temple modeled after a Greek temple (the Temple of Jupiter Stator, 146 BC); and the first above-ground aqueduct (the Aqua Marcia, 144 BC). The construction and repair of these works were carried out by public works contractors (publicani) who contracted with Censor and other officials, and were inspected by the officials after completion. Public works projects were therefore a stage for Roman aristocrats to gain fame as officials, and buildings were often named after the officials in charge (or their clan names), but on the other hand, it was not uncommon for officials to use their positions to illegally accumulate wealth.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "publicani" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…中国でも類似した請負が存在したが，必ずしもヨーロッパ世界のそれと厳密に対応したものではなかった。
【ローマ】
　急速に支配領域を拡大し，大帝国を形成した共和政後期のローマにおいては，官僚機構の整備が徴税事務の膨張に追いつかず，また支配下においた諸地域の従来の税制を存続させ多様な方式が併立していたので，徴税請負人(プブリカニpublicani)の活動の範囲はきわめて大きかった。属州からの徴税の請負人の決定は入札方式で行われ，大きな資本をもった層がこの権利を獲得した。…

【ローマ】より

…倉庫として使われた〈アエミリウスの柱廊Porticus Aemilia〉(前193)，テベレ川最古の石造橋アエミリウス橋Pons Aemilius(前179)，中央広場のバシリカ群(前184年の〈大カトーのバシリカ〉，前179年のバシリカ･アエミリアBasilica Aemilia，前170年のバシリカ･センプロニアBasilica Sempronia)，ギリシア式神殿をまねた最古の大理石製神殿(前146年のユピテル･スタトルJupiter Stator神殿)，初の地上式上水道(前144年のマルキア水道Aqua Marcia)などがこの時期に属する。これらの施設の建造および補修はケンソルほかの役人と契約した公共事業請負人プブリカニpublicani(競争入札による)の手で行われ，工事完成後は役人の査察を受けた。それゆえ公共事業は役人となったローマ貴族の名声獲得の舞台であり，建造物は担当役人の名(氏族名)を冠して呼ばれる例が多かったが，他方，地位利用による不正蓄財もまれではなかった。…

※「publicani」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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