Otoku (English spelling)

Japanese: オトク（英語表記）otok

The name of a Mongolian social group. It was found in Inner and Outer Mongolia, as well as Dzungar and Buryatia. The otoks first appeared in documents around the 15th century, and gradually became a basic group in Mongolian society. Around the 16th century, they became the main unit that made up the so-called ten thousand households (tumen). The otoks had various names derived from clans, tribes, and other names, but they were not groups based on blood ties, but on geographical ties. As the Qing Dynasty came to dominate Inner and Outer Mongolia, the otoks were reorganized into banners (hoshun), and disappeared except for special cases.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

モンゴルの社会集団の名称。内外モンゴルのほか，ジュンガル，ブリヤートにも見られた。オトクは，文献上は15世紀ころから現れ，しだいにモンゴル社会の基本集団になり，16世紀前後には，いわゆる万戸(トゥメン)を構成する主要な単位となった。オトクは，氏族，部族，その他に由来する種々の名称を持っていたが，血縁集団ではなく，地縁集団であった。内外モンゴルにおけるオトクは，清朝の支配が及ぶにつれ，旗(ホシュン)に再編成され，特殊なものを除いて消滅した。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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