Modification - Kaizo

Japanese: 改造 - かいぞう
Modification - Kaizo

A general magazine. Founded by Kaizosha in April 1919 (Taisho 8), Yamamoto Sanehiko published articles on social issues and socialist ideas that arose against the backdrop of the Taisho democracy movement. It featured Marxist scholars such as Kawakami Hajime, Kushida Tamizo, Yamakawa Hitoshi, and Omori Yoshitaro as contributors, and showed a keen interest in socialism. Its articles from a Marxist perspective captured the hearts of many young people at the time, in the face of the recession after World War I, the chaos caused by the Great Kanto Earthquake, the Great Depression, chronic unemployment, and the invasion of Manchuria by militarist Japan. It also had a rich creative column, and published masterpieces that remain in the history of modern Japanese literature, such as Shiga Naoya's "Dark Night's Passage," Akutagawa Ryunosuke's "Kappa," and Hori Tatsuo's "The Wind Rises." Critics Kenji Miyamoto, Hideo Kobayashi, and writers Kojiro Serizawa and Tokuzo Yasutaka were all born out of Kaizo's prize-winning criticism and novels. The magazine also published essays by Bertrand Russell and invited Einstein to Japan, working to introduce new ideas from overseas.

However, during the period from the Manchurian Incident to the Pacific War, the editorial staff suffered a setback. Hosokawa Karoku's article "Trends in World History and Japan," published in the August-September 1942 (Showa 17) issue during the war, had passed the Information Bureau's prior censorship, but was discovered by the Army Press Department and banned. This incident led to the arrest of editors and writers by the Kanagawa Prefectural Special Higher Police, which escalated into the "Yokohama Incident." Kaizosha was dissolved by the military in June 1944. It was republished after Japan's defeat, but in January 1955 (Showa 30), a labor dispute broke out over the firing of the entire editorial staff, and the magazine ceased publication with the February 1955 issue.

[Sozo Matsuura]

[Reference] | Yokohama Incident

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

総合雑誌。改造社から1919年(大正8)4月、山本実彦(さねひこ)が創刊。大正デモクラシーの思潮を背景として生まれた社会問題や社会主義思想に関する論文を掲載し、河上肇(はじめ)、櫛田(くしだ)民蔵、山川均(ひとし)、大森義太郎(よしたろう)らのマルクス学者を執筆者として登場させ、社会主義に鋭い関心を示した。第一次世界大戦後の不況、関東大震災による混乱、世界恐慌、慢性的失業、軍国主義日本の満州侵略という事態に対して、マルクス主義の立場からの論文は、当時の多くの若者をとらえた。創作欄も充実しており、志賀直哉(なおや)『暗夜行路』、芥川龍之介(あくたがわりゅうのすけ)『河童(かっぱ)』、堀辰雄『風立ちぬ』など、近代の日本文学史に残る名作を掲載した。評論家宮本顕治、小林秀雄、作家芹沢光治良(せりざわこうじろう)、保高(やすたか)徳蔵らは、いずれも『改造』懸賞評論・懸賞小説が生んだ人々である。またバートランド・ラッセルの論文を載せたり、アインシュタインを日本に招待して、海外の新思想の紹介に努めた。

 しかし、満州事変から太平洋戦争への過程のなかで、編集は後退。戦争下の1942年(昭和17)8~9月号の細川嘉六(かろく)の論文「世界史の動向と日本」は、情報局の事前の検閲は通過したのに、陸軍報道部に摘発されて発禁となり、この事件を機として編集者や執筆者が神奈川県特高に検挙され「横浜事件」に発展した。44年6月に改造社は軍部によって解散させられた。敗戦後再刊されたが、55年(昭和30)1月、編集部全員首切りをめぐる労働争議が起こり、55年2月号で廃刊になった。

[松浦総三]

[参照項目] | 横浜事件

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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