Oda clan

This clan originated as a shokan (manor) of Oda Manor in Nyu County, Echizen Province (Echizen Town, Nyu County, Fukui Prefecture), and expanded its influence in Owari Province (Aichi Prefecture) during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, giving birth to Oda Nobunaga. Their real surname is unknown. Nobunaga claimed to be a member of the Taira clan, but this is based on the idea of ​​a Genpei-Taira succession in an attempt to unify the country (the Muromachi shoguns, the Ashikaga clan, were Minamoto clan members), and there is no basis for this. The Oda clan became vassals of the Shiba clan, who became the guardian of Echizen during the Muromachi period, and when Shiba Yoshishige became the guardian of Owari, Tsunematsu moved to Owari as deputy guardian during the Oei period (1394-1428). In the wake of the internal strife within the Shiba clan during the Onin War (1467-77), the shugodai Oda clan also split into two, with one side based in Iwakura Castle (Iwakura City, Aichi Prefecture) and the other based in Kiyosu Castle (Kiyosu City, Aichi Prefecture) as the shugo and continued to fight. During the Tenbun era (1532-55), Oda Nobuhide, one of the magistrates of the Kiyosu Oda clan, rose to prominence, and his son Nobunaga pursued the Shiba clan, won the strife within the clan, and established control over the entire Owari province. With his victory at the Battle of Okehazama in 1560 (Eiroku 3), Nobunaga began his path to unifying the country, but he was defeated in the Honnoji Incident in 1582 (Tensho 10), and his eldest son Nobutada also committed suicide, causing his ambition to be thwarted midway. Nobunaga's eldest grandson Hidenobu became the lord of Gifu Castle, but was demoted after joining the Western Army in the Battle of Sekigahara. However, the descendants of Nobunaga's younger brother Nagamasu (Uraku) and his second son Nobukatsu continued to serve as daimyo into the Edo period, and both were awarded the title of viscount by the time of the Meiji Restoration.

[Ike Toru]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

越前国(えちぜんのくに)丹生(にゅう)郡織田荘(おだのしょう)（福井県丹生郡越前町）の荘官に始まり、室町～戦国時代に尾張国(おわりのくに)（愛知県）に勢力を張り、織田信長を生んだ一族。本姓は未詳。信長は平氏を称したが、これは天下統一のために源平交替思想を利用したもので（室町将軍足利(あしかが)氏は源氏）、根拠はない。織田氏は、室町時代に越前守護となった斯波(しば)氏の被官となり、斯波義重(よししげ)が尾張守護になると、応永(おうえい)年間（1394～1428）に常松が守護代として尾張に移った。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）での斯波氏の内部抗争を受けて、守護代織田家も二分し、一方が岩倉(いわくら)城（愛知県岩倉市）に拠(よ)り、他方が守護をいただいて清洲(きよす)城（愛知県清須(きよす)市）に拠って抗争を続けた。天文(てんぶん)年間（1532～55）になると、清洲織田家の奉行(ぶぎょう)の一人織田信秀(のぶひで)が台頭し、さらにその子信長は、斯波氏を追い、一族間の争いを勝ち抜いて、尾張一国の支配権を確立した。1560年（永禄3）の桶狭間(おけはざま)の戦いの勝利を契機に、信長は天下統一への道を歩み始めるが、1582年（天正10）の本能寺の変に倒れ、また嫡子信忠(のぶただ)も自殺し、志は中途で挫折(ざせつ)した。信長の嫡孫秀信(ひでのぶ)は岐阜城主となったが、関ヶ原の戦いで西軍方について改易された。しかし信長の弟長益(ながます)（有楽(うらく)）と二男信雄(のぶかつ)の子孫は、江戸時代にも大名として続き、明治維新に至り、ともに子爵に叙された。

［池　享］

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