A mathematical theory that studies the "likelihood" of uncertain chance phenomena, i.e., when there are several possible occurrences and it is not possible to say for certain which one will occur. The set of all the possibilities for an event to occur is defined as the sample space S , and the elements of S , i.e., each possibility e i ( i = 1, 2, ...), sample point, and subset A of S are called events. Given S = { e i } ( i = 1, 2, ...), the probability of each e i occurring is defined as p when each e i is assigned a non-negative real number p i and Σ p i = 1, and written as p i = Pr( e i ). The probability of event A is the sum of the probabilities of occurrence for e i belonging to A , which is expressed as Pr( A ) = ΣPr( e i ). However, this is the case where the sample points e i in the sample space S are discrete, so in order to further combine it with analysis, we must consider the case where they are continuous. For this reason, probability theory can be said to be a science that studies what probability is set for a given sample space and what results can be obtained from it. The most logical way to systematize probability theory as mathematics is the method proposed by A. Kolmogorov, who considered probability as a quantity that satisfies a certain set of axioms without the help of intuitive elements. If the sample space (a set of abstract elements) is called S and a subset of S is called an event, then for each event A in S , we assign Pr( A ) that satisfies the following axioms, and define this Pr( A ) as the probability of event A. (1) Pr( S )=1 (2) 0≦Pr( A )≦1 (3) If A i ∩ A j =φ( i ≠ j ), then The above is the axiomatic definition of probability. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
不確定な偶然現象,すなわち起りうる可能性がいくつかあって,そのどれが起るか断言できない場合について,その「確からしさ」を研究する数学的理論。1つの事象の起りうる可能性全体の集合を標本空間 S とし,S の元すなわち各可能性 ei ( i=1 ,2,…) 標本点,S の部分集合 A を事象ということにする。 S={ei} ( i=1 ,2,…) が与えられたとき各 ei の起る確率とは,各 ei に負でない実数 pi を対応させ,Σpi=1 であるようにしたときのこの p のことと定義し,pi=Pr(ei) と書く。また事象 A の確率とは,A に属する ei について起る確率の和のことで,これは Pr(A)=ΣPr(ei) で表わす。ただし,これは標本空間 S の標本点 ei が離散的になっている場合なので,さらに解析学と結合させるためには,これが連続的である場合を考えなければならない。このことから,確率論は,ある標本空間が与えられたとき,その上にどのような確率を定め,そこからどのような結果が得られるかを研究する学問ともいえる。確率論を数学として体系づける最も論理的な行き方は,直観的な要素の助けをかりずに,確率をある公理系を満たす量と考えた A.コルモゴロフの提唱による方法である。標本空間 (抽象的な元の集合) を S ,S の部分集合を事象と呼ぶとき,S のおのおのの事象 A に対して,次の公理を満足するような Pr(A) を対応させ,この Pr(A) を事象 A の確率と定義する。 (1) Pr(S)=1 (2) 0≦Pr(A)≦1 (3) Ai∩Aj=φ(i≠j) ならば 以上が確率の公理的定義である。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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