Sperry, RW (English spelling)

Japanese: Sperry,R.W.(英語表記)SperryRW
Sperry, RW (English spelling)

...Recently, recording of single neuron activity using microelectrodes has revealed that the cerebral cortex is composed of small functional columns, and that the sensory periphery is made up of many areas with different functions. Regarding the difference in the function of the cerebral hemispheres, a split-brain study by RWSperry and others revealed that the right hemisphere is responsible for non-linguistic functions such as musical melody and recognizing faces, pictures, and maps (1962). N. Geschwind also showed that various aphasias and apraxias are disconnection syndromes caused by the disconnection of fiber connections between areas (1965). ...

From [Left-Right Dominance]

...From this, it was presumed that the left brain has superior language functions, while the right brain has inferior language functions. This theory was verified by the split-brain research of Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-94) and MS Gazzaniga. Therefore, the left brain may be called the "language brain" or the "language-dominant brain."

From [Neuropsychology]

…The 19th century and early 20th century were the heyday of localization theory, but in the 20th century, localization theory was severely criticized by holistic theory. However, since the discovery of the disconnection syndrome by N. Geschwind and others in 1962, localization theory has been reevaluated by RW Sperry, MS Gazzaniga and others, and it has once again reached its heyday. However, symptoms caused by localized brain disorders do not immediately represent only localized symptoms in that part of the brain, but also include functional disorders in other related parts of the brain and compensatory actions for these disorders. …

From the Brain

... In patients whose corpus callosum, which connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, has been surgically cut to treat severe epilepsy or to remove pineal tumors, the functions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres can be examined separately. These studies by RW Sperry and MS Gazzaniga (1970) have revealed that the dominant hemisphere handles things according to analytical thinking using language, while the inferior hemisphere is capable of dealing with things quickly by appealing to direct perceptual synthetic processes. It is thought that the functions of the two hemispheres are different and complementary, such as the dominant hemisphere being analytical while the inferior hemisphere is global, and the dominant hemisphere being technical while the inferior hemisphere is artistic. ...

From "Split-brain"

... Split-brain technology allows us to examine the mental functions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, which has made a great contribution to elucidating the issues surrounding the brain and mind. Roger Wolcott Sperry (1913-1994), who conducted research in this field, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981. Their research showed that the left cerebral hemisphere is superior in language functions, and the right cerebral hemisphere is superior in spatial functions. ...

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Sperry, RW" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…最近では,微小電極による単一ニューロン活動の記録によって大脳皮質が小さな機能的コラムから構成されていること,また感覚周辺野が機能の違う数多くの領野から成り立っていることが明らかになった。 さて大脳半球の機能の左右差については,スペリーR.W.Sperryらによる分離脳の研究で,右半球が音楽のメロディや顔や絵や地図の認識など非言語的機能を分担していることが明らかになった(1962)。またゲシュウィントN.Geschwindはいろいろな失語症や失行症が各領野間の繊維結合の切断によって起こる離断症候群であることを示した(1965)。…

【左右優位】より

…このことから,左脳は優れた言語機能をもっているが,右脳の言語機能は劣ったものがあることが推定された。この説はスペリーRoger Wolcott Sperry(1913‐94)やガッザニガM.S.Gazzanigaによる分離脳の研究で実証された。したがって,左脳は〈言語脳〉あるいは〈言語についての利き脳〉といってもよいかもしれない。…

【神経心理学】より

…19世紀から20世紀初頭は局在論全盛の時代であったが,20世紀に入ってからは局在論に対して全体論からの厳しい批判が行われた。しかし,1962年に至り,ゲシュウィントN.Geschwindらによる離断症候群の発見があって以来,スペリーR.W.Sperry,ガッツァニーガM.S.Gazzanigaらによって局在論が見直され,再び全盛時代を迎えている。しかし,脳の局在障害による症状は直ちに脳のその場所の局在症状のみを表すものではなく,関連する脳の他の部位の機能障害とこれらの障害に対する代償作用を含むものである。…

【脳】より

… 左右の大脳半球をつなぐ脳梁を重症の癲癇の治療や松果体腫瘍の切除のために外科手術によって切断された患者では,左右の大脳半球の働きを別々に調べることができる。スペリーR.W.SperryやガッザニガM.S.Gazzanigaのこうした研究(1970)によって,優位脳が言語による分析的な思考法に従って事を運ぶのに対して,劣位脳は直接知覚的な総合的な過程に訴えて迅速に事を処する能力があることがわかってきた。優位半球が解析的であるのに対して劣位半球は大局的であり,優位半球が技術的であるのに対して劣位半球は芸術的ともいえるような,互いに異なり,互いに補い合う働きをもつものと思われる。…

【分離脳】より

… 分離脳では,左大脳半球と右大脳半球がそれぞれどのような精神機能を営んでいるかを検査できるので,脳と心の問題の解明に大きな貢献をもたらした。この方面の研究を行ったスペリーRoger Wolcott Sperry(1913‐94)に81年度ノーベル医学・生理学賞が授与された。彼らの研究によれば,左大脳半球は言語機能に優れており,右大脳半球は空間的機能に優れているという。…

※「Sperry,R.W.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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