Stände (English spelling)

Japanese: Stände（英語表記）Stande

…As a result, the unique dualistic structure of the imperial state took hold, as is well illustrated by the change in meaning of the formula “emperor and empire” that was used to describe the entire empire. That is, while originally the two concepts were the same, and the rule of the emperor meant the empire, now the two were completely separated, and “empire” represented the entire tribe (Stände) without the emperor, and the emperor, who only had the power of his family as his backbone, lost all direct relationship with the inhabitants of the empire in terms of the state. Between the inhabitants and the emperor were the territories, and the whole of them now stood in opposition to the emperor as “empire.” …

From the Estates Assembly

...A parliament established in late medieval European countries based on a class system. Also called an equitable parliament. While modern parliaments are representative of the people, the parliaments of this period expressed the interests of the privileged social classes (classes, or états). The most famous example is the Three Estates General in France, which was composed of the clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate (a collective term for citizens and peasants, and in effect the representatives of cities), but there were also many German states from the late Middle Ages to the 17th and 18th centuries that had a three-estate system of clergy, nobility, and citizens.

From [Class State]

...A form of state established in various parts of Europe in the late Middle Ages, characterized by the fact that the various privileged estates (Stände, états) restricted the exercise of the monarch's power through an estates assembly. It is also called a estates state. It appeared in France in the 14th and 15th centuries, and in German states from roughly the 15th to 17th centuries, but other stages of estates can also be seen in the history of Spain, the Nordic countries, the Italian principalities, Hungary, Poland, and other countries. However, in the case of England, parliaments developed continuously from the Middle Ages to modern times, so it is difficult to understand the late Middle Ages as an estates state. ...

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Stände" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…その結果，帝国国制の独特な二元主義的構造が定着したが，それは帝国全体を表すのに使われてきた〈皇帝と帝国〉なる定式の意味変化によく示されている。すなわち，もともと両概念は同じことで，皇帝の支配が帝国を意味していたのに対し，いまや両者は完全に分離して，〈帝国〉とは皇帝ぬきの等族(シュテンデStände)の全体を表し，家門勢力を背景とするにすぎない皇帝は，国制上，帝国住民との直接的関係をすべて失うことになった。住民と皇帝との間には領邦が割り込み，その全体がいまや〈帝国〉として皇帝と相対することになったのである。…

【身分制議会】より

…中世後期のヨーロッパ諸国で，身分制社会を土台に成立した議会。等族議会ともいう。近代の議会が国民代表機関の性格をもつのに対し，この時期の議会は特権的な社会層たる諸身分(等族Stände，états)の利害を表現している。聖職者身分，貴族身分および第三身分(市民と農民の総称で，実際上は都市の代表)の3者で構成されるフランスの三部会は最も有名な例であるが，中世末から17～18世紀のドイツ諸邦にも，聖職者，貴族，市民の三部会制をとる議会が多くみられる。…

【身分制国家】より

…中世後期，ヨーロッパ各地に成立した国家形態で，特権をもつ諸身分(等族Stände，états)が，身分制議会を通じて，君主の権力行使を制約している点に，その特徴がある。等族制国家ともいう。フランスでは14～15世紀，ドイツの諸領邦ではだいたい15世紀から17世紀ごろにかけて現れたが，その他スペイン，北欧諸国，イタリアの諸君主国，ハンガリー，ポーランドなどの歴史にも，身分制国家の段階が認められる。ただイギリスの場合は，中世から近代まで議会が連続的に発展しているだけに，中世後期を身分制国家の概念でとらえることが難しい。…

※「Stände」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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