struggle

Japanese: struggle
struggle

In short, in a struggle, (1) the direct purpose of the interaction is to eliminate, hinder, or stop the fighting power, theories, or legal obstructions of the other party (enemy country, opponent, litigator, etc.), and (2) at least one of the opposing subjects (parties) is aware of the other as an opponent that must be negated. Struggles in this sense have been given a representative position as the most negative of the mutually negating action forms, which are broadly called opposition or struggle. In contrast, in forms generally called "competition," such as competition for entrance exams or promotions in a company, the direct goal between multiple actors is not to eliminate each other or to hinder or stop their actions, but merely a situation that may result.

*Some terminology explanations that mention "struggle" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…要するに闘争においては,(1)相手(敵国,論敵,訴訟相手など)の戦闘力,学説,法律行為上の妨害などを排除,妨害,停止することが相互作用の直接目的であり,(2)対立主体(当事者)のうち少なくとも一方は他方を,自己の否定すべき相手として意識している。こういう意味での闘争は,広く対立oppositionとか抗争struggleと呼ばれる相互否定的な作用形態のうち,最も否定的性質の激しいものとして代表的な位置を与えられてきた。 これに対して,たとえば受験競争や会社の昇進競争などのように,一般に〈競争〉と呼ばれる形態では,複数の行為者の間で相互に他の行為主体を排除したり,その行為を妨害し停止させることが直接の目標ではなくて,あくまでも結果的に生じるかもしれない事態にすぎない。…

※「struggle」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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