joft

Japanese: joft

…In Anatolia and the Balkans under the Ottoman Empire, large private landowners appeared after the 18th century. The word ciftliki is a Turkish word derived from the Persian word joft, meaning "against," and means "cultivated land." It originally referred to the small peasant landholdings (about 6 to 15 hectares) under the Timar system, which was mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries. After the end of the 16th century, as the Timar system gradually changed and disintegrated, the small peasant landholding relationship began to collapse, and people began to acquire land by means of tax contracts (iltizam), usurious loans, using official positions, and development and reclamation. In the 18th century, large private landowners called ciftliki were widely established, especially in the plains of river basins and areas convenient for commerce and trade. …

From the Maleki Rayyat System

…Unlike the oasis settlements on the plateau, fixed-rate tenancy was also seen in humid areas such as the Caspian Sea region. In addition, the joft system, in which two people who own draft oxen come together and treat a plot of land that can be cultivated by the two oxen as a single farming unit, is also quite widespread. This system, unique to Iran, disappeared when land reform was implemented during the White Revolution of King Mohammad Reza Pahlavi that began in 1962.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "joft" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…オスマン帝国支配下のアナトリア，バルカンにおいて，18世紀以後に現れた〈私的大土地所有〉。チフトリキの語は，ペルシア語で〈対〉を意味する言葉ジョフトjoftに由来するトルコ語で，〈耕作地〉を意味し，元来は15～16世紀を中心としたティマール制下における小農民的保有地(約6～15ha)を指していた。16世紀末以後，ティマール制がしだいに変質･解体すると，小農民的土地保有関係が崩れはじめ，徴税請負(イルティザーム)，高利貸付，官職利用，開拓･干拓などの手段によって土地を獲得する者が現れ，18世紀に入るとチフトリキの名でよばれる〈私的大土地所有〉が，とりわけ河川流域の平野部や商業交易に至便な地域において，広範に成立した。…

【マーレキ･ライヤト制】より

…高原部のオアシス集落とは異なり，カスピ海地方など湿潤地帯では定額小作もみられた。また，このほか役牛を所有する者が2人集まり，2頭の牛で耕作しうる広さの土地を一つの耕作単位となすジョフトjoft制もかなり広く行われている。1962年に始まるモハンマド･レザー･パフラビー国王の白色革命の過程で農地改革が実施され，イランに固有のこの制度は消滅した。…

※「joft」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

<<: Jogaila

>>: Joffre, JJC (English spelling) JoffreJJC