Large mirror - Oogami

Japanese: 大鏡 - おおかがみ
Large mirror - Oogami

A historical tale from the late Heian period. It depicts history over 14 generations and 176 years, from 850 (Kasho 3) under Emperor Montoku to 1025 (Manju 2) under Emperor Goichijo, and is written as if 1025 were the present day, but this is an artificial twist by the author, who wanted to end the story at the height of Fujiwara no Michinaga's glory; in fact, it is thought to have been written between 40, 50 and 90 years after 1025. There are various theories as to the author's identity, and it is unknown whether he was a man. In the story of history in "Okagami," three people, Oya no Yotsugi, Natsuyama no Shigeki, and a young samurai, who visited the Bodhi-Koucho-Mon temple in Unrin-in, are introduced, and the story is told through a discussion and dialogue between these three people, with the author acting as a simple listener, observing and recording from the sidelines. This is intended to provide a fair historical narrative that captures both the positive and negative aspects of history from multiple angles. The work is structured as follows: first, there is a preface, then the Imperial Chronicles which record the 14 emperors from Emperor Montoku to Emperor Go-Ichijo, then the biographies of the regents from Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu to Michinaga, then the Tale of the Fujiwara Clan which gives a genealogical summary of the history of the Fujiwara clan's prosperity, and finally, a collection of ancient tales including tales of the elegant and immortal worlds.The work is in the historical and biographical style as seen in the Chinese Records of the Grand Historian, and was adopted by the author as an effective way of understanding humans from multiple perspectives and in three dimensions, as he believed that history was revealed by closely observing and tracking human movements.

Using this method of historical narrative, the author vividly depicts the dramatic drama woven by men living in the political world, in a concise style that cuts out trivial explanations and descriptions. The events selected by the author's clear understanding of history are often told using legends, but these legends were formed and transformed by the author's rich imagination and ingenuity, and some of them are fictional, factual errors, or distortions through exaggeration. However, these are not delusional stories that reject factuality, but fictional worlds that incorporate fact, which allowed him to depict humans as having various contradictions such as good and evil, righteousness and evil, beauty and ugliness, and to get close to the essence of history. "Okagami" is an outstanding work among historical stories, and its dialogue and round-table discussion format had a great influence on later historical stories, and its keen historical eye and sharp critical spirit were inherited in works such as "Gukansho."

Extant copies include the Kenkyu edition, the Chiba edition, the Ikeda edition (all of which are missing volumes and are held at Tenri Library), the edition owned by Higashimatsu Ryosho, the Hiramatsu edition held at Kyoto University Library, the Katsuranomiya edition held at the Archives and Mausolea Department, and the Hosa Bunko edition, as well as published versions such as old movable type and fully printed versions.

[Takehana Tsune]

"Hosaka Hiroshi, 'New Thoughts on the Great Mirror,' 2 volumes (1974, Gakutosha)""Yamagishi Tokuhei and Suzuki Kazuo, eds., 'Appreciation of Japanese Classical Literature: The Great Mirror and the Masukagami,' (1976, Kadokawa Shoten)""Tachibana Kenji, annotated, 'The Complete Works of Japanese Classical Literature 20: The Great Mirror,' (1974, Shogakukan)"

"The Great Mirror"
Old type edition, Volume 1, published during the Keicho and Genna eras (1596-1624), some revisions, held at the National Diet Library

"The Great Mirror"


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

平安後期の歴史物語。文徳(もんとく)天皇の850年(嘉祥3)から後一条(ごいちじょう)天皇の1025年(万寿2)まで、14代176年間の歴史を描いたもので、1025年を現在時として叙述しているが、これは藤原道長の栄華の絶頂で擱筆(かくひつ)しようとした作者の作為で、実際は1025年以後40、50年から90年の間の成立とみられる。作者は男性で、諸説あるが不明である。『大鏡』では歴史を叙述するにあたり、雲林院(うりんいん)の菩提講聴聞(ぼだいこうちょうもん)に参詣(さんけい)した大宅世継(おおやけのよつぎ)、夏山繁樹(なつやまのしげき)、若侍(わかざむらい)の3人を登場させ、歴史はこれら3人の座談、問答によって語り進められ、作者は純粋な聞き手として、それを傍らで観察しながら記録する趣向になっている。これは歴史の表裏明暗を多角的にとらえ、公正な歴史叙述の展開を意図したものである。その構成は、まず序があり、次に文徳天皇から後一条天皇までの14代の天皇について記した帝紀(ていき)、藤原冬嗣(ふゆつぐ)から道長までの摂関大臣の列伝(れつでん)、藤原氏の繁栄の跡を系譜的に総括した藤原氏の物語、最後に風流譚(たん)、神仙譚などを収めた昔物語が置かれていて、中国の『史記』などにみられる紀伝体(きでんたい)であるが、これは、人間の動きを凝視し追跡することによって歴史が顕現すると考えた作者が、人間を多角的、立体的に把握できる有効な方法として採用したものである。

 このような歴史叙述の方法を用いて、政治世界に生きる男たちの織り成す凄絶(せいぜつ)なドラマを、瑣末(さまつ)的な説明や描写を切り捨てた簡潔な文体によって、生彩ある筆致で描いている。作者の透徹した歴史認識によって選択された事象は、多く説話を用いて語られているが、それらの説話は、作者の豊かな想像力と創意によって形成され、変容されたもので、虚構や事実の錯誤や誇張による歪曲(わいきょく)などもある。しかし、それらは、事実性を拒絶した虚妄の話ではなく、事実を包摂した虚構の世界であり、それによって、善悪、正邪、美醜などのさまざまな矛盾をもったものとして人間を描き、歴史の本質に迫ることができた。『大鏡』は歴史物語のなかでも傑出した作品で、その問答、座談形式は後代の歴史物語に大きな影響を与え、確かな史眼と鋭い批評精神は『愚管抄(ぐかんしょう)』などに継承されていった。

 現存本は、写本として建久(けんきゅう)本、千葉本、池田本(いずれも欠けている巻のある零本(れいほん)。天理図書館蔵)、東松了枩(りょうしょう)氏蔵本、京大付属図書館蔵平松本、書陵部蔵桂宮(かつらのみや)本、蓬左(ほうさ)文庫本などがあり、刊本として古活字本、整版本などがある。

[竹鼻 績]

『保坂弘司著『大鏡新考』全2冊(1974・学燈社)』『山岸徳平・鈴木一雄編『鑑賞日本古典文学 大鏡・増鏡』(1976・角川書店)』『橘健二校注『日本古典文学全集20 大鏡』(1974・小学館)』

『大鏡』
古活字版 巻1 慶長・元和年間(1596~1624)刊 校異あり国立国会図書館所蔵">

『大鏡』


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