...In sociological terms, it is usually explained in relation to the word value, as in "values and norms," but in this case, values represent something highly abstract, such as a standard of general desirability, and in that sense transcendental and ultimate, while norms are more concrete standards that dictate behavior in a specific situation. Norms are (1) divided into customs and laws based on whether the nature of the punishment imposed on violations is informal (punishment imposed by private individuals) or formal (punishment imposed by state power), and (2) customs are further divided into customs (what W. G. Sumner calls "folkways") and customs (what Sumner calls "mores") based on whether the group sentiment toward the binding of the norm is weak or strong. Customs refers to things that are relatively weakly binding, such as tradition or public opinion, while customs refer to things that have a stronger binding power on individuals, such as morality, which is supported by internal spontaneity rather than by external coercive forces. From [Customs]For example, when talking about marriage customs, the focus is on the rituals of marriage and in many cases does not include social regulations regarding marriage. However, it is sometimes used as a strictly defined translation of folkways. Folkways is a word coined by the American sociologist WG Sumner, who argued for dividing customs into folkways and good morals or mores. *Some of the terminology that mentions "folkways" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…社会学の術語として,〈価値と規範〉というように価値という語と関連づけて説明されるのが通例であるが,その場合には,価値が一般的な望ましさの基準といった抽象度の高い,その意味で超越的,究極的なものを現すのに対し,規範はもっと具体的に特定状況のもとでの行為を指示するような基準にかかわる。規範は,(1)その違反に対して行使される処罰の性質がインフォーマルinformal(私的個人によって行使される処罰)か,フォーマルformal(国家権力によって行使される処罰)かの区分軸によって,慣習と法とに分けられ,(2)慣習はさらに,当該規範の拘束に対してこめられた集団感情が弱いか強いかによって,習俗(W.G.サムナーのいう〈フォークウェーズfolkways〉)と習律(サムナーのいう〈モーレスmores〉)とに分けられる。習俗は伝統とか世論のように拘束力の相対的に弱いものをさす言葉で,習律は個々人を拘束する力がもっと強く,道徳のように外からの強制力によるよりも内面的な自発性によって支えられているものをさす。… 【習俗】より…たとえば婚姻の習俗といえば婚姻の際の儀礼に中心が置かれ,婚姻の社会的規制は含まない場合が多い。しかしfolkwaysの訳語として厳密に概念規定された用語として使われることもある。folkwaysはアメリカの社会学者W.G.サムナーの造語で,彼は慣習customを習俗folkwaysと良俗あるいは道徳的慣行moresとに分けることを主張した。… ※「folkways」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
>>: Folk taxonomy (English spelling)
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