fallāḥūn (English spelling) fallahun

Japanese: fallāḥūn（英語表記）fallahun

… The nomadic Arab conquerors showed no interest in the rural communities or agriculture under their control, and their only objective was to collect taxes from them. The cultivators (muzāri'ūn, fallāḥūn), who were allowed to keep their land, were required to pay a land tax in addition to a poll tax, and it is estimated that this land tax alone amounted to about half of the harvest. The tax inequality between the Arab Muslims, who enjoyed tax exemption privileges, and the natives was eliminated only after the mid-8th century, when the Islamic tax system was put in place and the principle that all cultivators must pay a land tax (khāraj) as rent was established. …

From [Village]

…The khauli, unique to Egyptian rural areas, were people who were well acquainted with the types of cultivated land and its cultivation conditions, and were responsible for managing the cultivated land in the village and for being present with the village chief when irrigation dikes (jisr) were cut. While the core of the urban population were merchants and industrialists, the main class that made up village society were tenant farmers called fallāḥūn or muzāri'ūn. The average fallāḥūn owned a plow and two oxen, and in the early Islamic period, even tenant farmers were independent enough to pay their own taxes to the state. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "fallāḥūn" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…　遊牧民であったアラブの征服軍は支配下の農村社会や農業には興味を示さず，そこから租税を徴収することだけを目的にしていた。従来どおりの土地保有を認められた耕作農民(ムザーリウーンmuzāri‘ūn，ファッラーフーンfallāḥūn)には人頭税のほかに土地税が課せられ，しかもこの土地税だけで収穫の約半分に達したと推定されている。免税特権をもつアラブ･ムスリムと原住民との税制上の不平等が解消されるのは，イスラムの租税制度が整い，土地の耕作者はすべて地代としての地租(ハラージュ)を支払うという原則が確立する8世紀半ば以降のことであった。…

【村】より

…またエジプトの農村に固有なハウリーkhawlīは，耕地の種類やその耕作状況によく通じている者であって，むらの耕作地を管理し，灌漑用の堤(ジスルjisr)を切るときには村長とともに立ち会うことが定められていた。都市民の中心が商工業者であったのに対して，むら社会を構成する主要な階層は，ファッラーフーンfallāḥūnあるいはムザーリウーンmuzāri‘ūnと呼ばれる自小作の農民であった。平均的なファッラーフーンは，犂と2頭の牛を所有し，初期イスラム時代には，たとえ小作人であっても自ら国家に租税を納めるだけの自立性を備えていた。…

※「fallāḥūn」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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