A general term for complex lipids in living organisms that contain sugars as components and have no phosphate groups, also known as glycolipids. There are many molecular species that vary depending on the type and number of sugars, the type of acyl group (fatty acid residue), and the presence or absence of sulfate groups, but they are broadly classified into glyceroglycolipids and sphingoglycolipids based on the structure of the hydrophobic portion. Research on glycolipids began with the isolation of cerebrosides (a representative sphingoglycolipid) from the brain by JLW Thudichum (1829-1901) in 1874. It was subsequently discovered that a variety of glycolipids are not only present in the brain but also in small amounts in various animal organs and plants, and Japanese biochemists such as Tamio Yamakawa (1921-2018) made significant contributions to the elucidation of their molecular structures and metabolic pathways. Glycolipids are trace components in biological tissues, and their role is not as clear as that of nucleic acids or proteins, so they have played a supporting role in biochemical research. However, since the 1980s, improvements in analytical techniques, the use of monoclonal antibodies, and the development of sugar chain synthesis techniques have led to a detailed elucidation of the structure of trace glycolipids and their distribution in biological tissues and cells, and it is becoming clear that glycolipids play an important role in life phenomena, such as cell-to-cell identification, adhesion, recognition and response to foreign substances (signal transduction), and control of proliferation and tissue differentiation. The structure of linked sugar molecules (glycan) has come to be said to be the third information sequence after the bases of nucleic acids and the amino acids of proteins. [Izumi Okawa] GlyceroglycolipidsGlyceroglycolipids are diacylglycerides with one to four sugars attached to one end, with the two acyl groups being similar to those in general neutral fats, and the sugars are often galactose and fucose, and some are sulfated. Research on them has begun in the 1930s, and they are widely distributed in plants and microorganisms, and are also found in the testes of animals, and it has been discovered that glyceroglycolipids are also found among the antigens produced exclusively by cancer cells. A type of sulfated glyceroglycolipid called seminolipid is synthesized in spermatocytes and expressed in subsequent germ cells, but the biological role of these substances is a topic of future research. [Izumi Okawa] GlycosphingolipidsThe structure of sphingoglycolipids is more complex and diverse, but can be summarized as a ceramide consisting of a sphingosine base molecule with a hydrophobic long chain similar to fatty acids, which has a hydroxyl group and an amino group at one end, and a special long fatty acid with 24 carbon atoms or more bound by an amide bond, to which one or several sugars are further bound. Representative examples are cerebrosides and gangliosides (named after ganglion ganglions), which are abundant in the brain. Seven types of sugars are known to be glycosidically linked to sphingoglycolipids, including galactose, glucose, and sialic acid, but the sequences vary, with some longer ones having dozens of sugar molecules linked together, and as of 2000, more than 400 types of sphingoglycolipids were known. Some have sulfate attached to the sugar, such as sulfatide, which is abundant in the sheath of nerve fibers, and the group that has sialic acid is specifically called ganglioside or mucolipid. Glycosphingolipids are embedded in the hydrophobic parts of the cell surface and intracellular membrane structures of all vertebrate cells, with the sugar chains facing outward. They also serve as receptors (sites of action) for bacterial toxins, viruses, and interferons. Hydrophobic ceramides are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and glycosyltransferases bind sugars to them one by one in the Golgi apparatus. Glycolipids circulate between the cell surface and the cell membrane, and are decomposed in lysosomes by enzymes that remove sugar molecules. They are now thought to exist not uniformly floating on the cell surface, but concentrated in areas called rafts, which have functions to recognize and react to the outside world. Using monoclonal antibodies that detect specific sugar chains, it has been shown that gangliosides are expressed in specific parts of brain tissue at specific times, and their physiological functions have attracted interest. Research is also being conducted to suggest that gangliosides are necessary for cancer metastasis and that gangliosides may be effective in Alzheimer's disease, a representative degenerative disease in which neurons are lost. There is also a human disease called sphingoglycolipid metabolism disorder. A representative example is Gaucher disease, also known as glucosylceramide storage disease (glucocerebroside storage disease). It is an autosomal recessive genetic disease in which glucosylceramide accumulates in various organs due to a deficiency in a decomposition enzyme, and is the most frequent type of lipidosis (lipid storage disease). Tay-Sachs disease is also a genetic lipid metabolism disorder in which gangliosides accumulate mainly in the brain and nerves due to an abnormality in a decomposition enzyme. [Izumi Okawa] "An Introduction to Glycoscience" by Masahiko Ikekita et al. (1997, Maruzen) " "The Chemistry of Complex Carbohydrates" edited by Haruo Ogura (2000, CMC) " "Design and Physiological Functions of Glycomolecule" edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (2001, Academic Press Center)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生体の脂質のうち構成成分として糖が結合し、かつリン酸基のない複合脂質の総称で、グリコリピドともいう。糖の種類や数、アシル基(脂肪酸残基)の種類、硫酸基の有無などにより多くの分子種があるが、疎水性部分の構造によりグリセロ糖脂質とスフィンゴ糖脂質とに大別される。 糖脂質の研究は、1874年ツディクムJ. L. W. Thudichum(1829―1901)による脳のセレブロシド(代表的スフィンゴ糖脂質)分離に始まった。その後、多様な糖脂質が脳に限らず少量ながら動物の各臓器や植物にも存在することがわかり、それらの分子構造や代謝経路が解明される過程で、山川民夫(1921―2018)をはじめとする日本の生化学者の貢献も大きかった。 糖脂質は生体組織中の微量成分で、その役割は核酸やタンパク質のようには判然とせず生化学研究の対象物質としては脇役であった。しかし1980年代からの分析技術の向上、モノクローナル抗体の利用、糖鎖の合成技術の開発などにより、微量な糖脂質の構造や生体組織・細胞での分布が詳細に解明されるようになり、細胞と細胞の識別、接着、外来物質の認識と応答(シグナル伝達)、増殖と組織の分化の制御など、生命現象に重要な役割を果たしていることが明らかになりつつある。糖分子がつながったもの(糖鎖)の構造は核酸の塩基とタンパク質のアミノ酸に次いで第三の情報配列といわれるようになった。 [大川いづみ] グリセロ糖脂質グリセロ糖脂質は、ジアシルグリセリドの一端に1~4個の糖がつながったもので、2個のアシル基は一般中性脂肪のものと同類で、糖はガラクトース、フコースが多く、硫酸化したものもある。1930年代より研究され、植物や微生物に広く分布するほか、動物でも精巣などに存在し、がん細胞だけがつくる抗原のなかにグリセロ糖脂質もあることがわかってきた。セミノリピドとよばれる硫酸化したグリセロ糖脂質の一種は精母細胞で合成され、それ以降の胚(はい)細胞に発現しているが、これらの物質の生物学的役割は今後の研究課題である。 [大川いづみ] スフィンゴ糖脂質スフィンゴ糖脂質の構造はさらに複雑、多様であるが、脂肪酸と同様の疎水性長鎖で一端にヒドロキシ基とアミノ基をもつスフィンゴシン塩基1分子に炭素数24などの特殊な長い脂肪酸がアミド結合したセラミドに、さらに1ないし数個の糖が結合したものと要約できる。代表例は脳に多いセレブロシドやガングリオシド(神経節ガングリオンより命名)である。 スフィンゴ糖脂質にグリコシド結合している糖はガラクトース、グルコース、シアル酸などの7種類が知られているが、その配列はさまざまで、長いものは数十個の糖分子がつながったものもあり、2000年時点で400種類以上のスフィンゴ糖脂質が知られている。神経繊維の鞘(さや)の部分に多く存在するスルファチドなど糖に硫酸が付いたものもあり、シアル酸をもつ一群はとくにガングリオシドまたはムコ脂質とよばれる。 スフィンゴ糖脂質はすべての脊椎(せきつい)動物の細胞の表層や細胞内の膜構造に疎水性部分を埋め込み、糖鎖は外側に向いて存在する。細菌性毒素やウイルス、インターフェロンの受容体(作用部位)ともなる。疎水性のセラミドが小胞体で合成され、ゴルジ体で糖転位酵素がこれに一つずつ糖を結合する。糖脂質は細胞内と表面の細胞膜の間で循環移動し、リソゾーム内で糖分子をはずす酵素によって分解される。細胞表層でも一様に漂っているのでなく、外界を認識し反応する機能が集中したラフト(いかだの意)とよばれる部分に集中して存在すると考えられるようになった。特定の糖鎖を検出するモノクローナル抗体を用いるなどして、ガングリオシドが脳組織の特定の部位に特定の時期に発現することなどが示され、生理的機能に関心がもたれている。癌の転移にガングリオシドが必要であるとか、ニューロンが脱落する変性疾患の代表としてのアルツハイマー病に、ガングリオシドが有効に作用するのではないかとの研究も行われている。 なお、ヒトのスフィンゴ糖脂質代謝異常症という疾患がある。代表例のゴーシェGaucher病はグルコシルセラミド蓄積症(グルコセレブロシド蓄積症)ともいい、分解酵素の欠損により各臓器にグルコシルセラミドが蓄積する常染色体性劣性遺伝疾患で、リピドーシス(脂質蓄積症)のうちもっとも頻度が高い。テイ‐ザックスTay-Sachs病も遺伝性脂質代謝異常症で、分解酵素の異常によってガングリオシドが主として脳神経に蓄積する。 [大川いづみ] 『池北雅彦他著『糖鎖学概論』(1997・丸善)』▽『小倉治夫監修『複合糖質の化学』(2000・シーエムシー)』▽『日本化学会編『糖鎖分子の設計と生理機能』(2001・学会出版センター)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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