Confiscated - Oushuu

Japanese: 押収 - おうしゅう
Confiscated - Oushuu

It is a disposition in which a court or an investigative agency takes possession of evidence or items to be confiscated. Seizure includes attachment, retention, and submission orders (Criminal Procedure Law, Article 99). Attachment and retention can be carried out by the court or by an investigative agency, and submission orders are only granted by the court. Attachment is a disposition to forcibly acquire possession of an item (Criminal Procedure Law, Articles 99, 218, 220, 222, 222), and does not always involve the transfer of the item (for example, the seizure of a building). Retention is a disposition to acquire possession of leftover items or items that are voluntarily submitted (Criminal Procedure Law, Articles 101, 221, 222, 222). A submission order is a court decision that specifies the item to be attached and orders the owner, possessor, or custodian to submit the item (Criminal Procedure Law, Articles 99, 2, 100, 1 and 2). In addition, with regard to official secrets or certain business secrets, the right to refuse seizure is recognized, as there may be benefits to be gained that outweigh the benefit of discovering the truth in criminal proceedings (Articles 103 to 105 of the same law).

Article 35 of the Constitution requires a warrant clearly indicating the items to be seized, and establishes the warrant system. In response to this, the law provides that investigative agencies may seize items with a warrant issued by a judge (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 218, Paragraph 1). When a court seizes items outside of courtroom, it must also issue a seizure warrant (Criminal Procedure Code, Article 106). With regard to the admissibility of seized items as evidence in cases where there was illegality in the seizure procedure, previous precedents had recognized their admissibility, stating that even if there was illegality in the seizure procedure, the nature or shape of the items themselves would not be altered, and therefore the evidentiary value would not change. However, in a September 7, 1978 decision by the First Petty Bench of the Supreme Court, in a case where stimulants and other substances were seized without a search and seizure warrant, it was determined that there was a serious illegality in the seizure procedures that undermined the spirit of the warrant system, and that the admission of evidence obtained through such illegal procedures would be inappropriate from the standpoint of preventing future illegal investigations, then its admissibility should be denied. This rule of exclusion of illegally obtained evidence has become firmly established in Japanese practice today.

[Moriichi Taguchi]

[Reference] | Seizure | Detention | Warrant

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

裁判所または捜査機関が、証拠物または没収すべき物の占有を取得する処分のことをいう。押収には、差押えと領置と提出命令が含まれる(刑事訴訟法99条)。差押えと領置は、裁判所が行う場合と捜査機関が行う場合とがあり、提出命令は裁判所にのみ認められている。差押えとは、物の占有を強制的に取得する処分であり(同法99条1項、218条1項、220条1項、222条1項)、物の移転がつねに伴うとは限らない(たとえば、建物の差押え)。領置とは、遺留物や任意提出物の占有を取得する処分である(同法101条、221条、222条1項)。提出命令とは、差押えの対象となる物を指定し、所有者、所持者または保管者にその物の提出を命ずる裁判である(同法99条2項、100条1項・2項)。なお、公務上の秘密あるいは一定の業務上の秘密に関するものについては、刑事訴訟における真実発見の利益を上回る利益がありうるので、押収拒絶権が認められている(同法103条~105条)。

 憲法第35条は、押収する物を明示する令状を要求して、令状主義を定めている。これを受けて法律は、捜査機関は、裁判官の発する令状により差押えをすることができるとしている(刑事訴訟法218条1項)。裁判所が法廷外で差押えをする場合にも、差押状を発してこれを行うこととしている(同法106条)。押収手続に違法があった場合の押収物の証拠能力につき、判例は、以前は、押収手続に違法があったとしても物自体の性質、形状に変異をきたすはずはないから証拠の価値に変わりはないとしてその証拠能力を認めていた。しかし、1978年(昭和53)9月7日の最高裁第一小法廷判決は、捜索差押許可状なくして覚せい剤等を押収した事案に関して、押収手続に令状主義の精神を没却するような重大な違法があり、そのような違法手続によって得られた証拠物を証拠として許容することは、将来における違法な捜査を抑制するという見地からして相当でないと認められる場合においては、その証拠能力は否定されるものと解すべきである、とした。この違法収集証拠の排除法則は、今日、日本の実務に定着するに至っている。

[田口守一]

[参照項目] | 差押え | 領置 | 令状

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Wang Chong

>>:  Wang Shu (English spelling)

Recommend

Lunaria - Lunaria

A biennial plant of the Brassicaceae family (APG ...

Letters

…After Symbolism, modern poetry attempted to reco...

Tomb of King Jian of Former Shu (English: Qián Shǔ Wáng Jiàn mù)

The tomb of Wang Jian, Former Shu King of the Five...

Vali

…In the center, the deusirme system disappeared a...

Anole

...The Fiji Iguana, Brachylophus fasciatus , is a...

Leo [IX] - Leo

Pope of the Roman Empire (reigned 1049-1054). He a...

Faucaria

...The roots are lignified and bulbous. (3) Peren...

Temple architecture

Temple architecture in Japan was introduced from C...

Schleswig-Holstein

A state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is ...

Seaquake - Kaishin

Earthquakes are felt on ships sailing or operatin...

Milk Hall - Milk Hall

A Japanese-English term for a simple restaurant t...

Travelogue - Gyōryakushō

An abridgement of Enchin's travel diary, Zaita...

ferrohypersthene

...Also contains small amounts of Ca, Al, Ti, Mn,...

Juniperus japonicus - Juniperus japonicus

An evergreen shrub or tree of the Cupressaceae fa...

Additive color mixing

Mixing two or more different colors of light to ob...