Congreve, W (scientist) - CongreveW

Japanese: Congreve,W(科学者) - CongreveW
Congreve, W (scientist) - CongreveW

...In terms of technological history, it refers to a machine that continues to move without human or animal power, and in terms of physics, it refers to a device that does work on the outside world but does not cause any change in itself. In the West, it was believed that nothing is eternal except the movement of the heavens, so the creation of such a machine on earth was considered impossible, but in India, where everything is based on reincarnation, the idea of ​​a perpetual motion machine was conceived. Specifically, around 1150, the Indian astronomer and mathematician Bhaskara II described the invention of a perpetual motion machine in his book On the First Truths. ...

From [Rocket]

...the name for a rocket propulsion system or a flying object equipped with such a system. A rocket propulsion system is also called a rocket engine or rocket motor. A rocket is characterized by accelerating and releasing the material it carries, and obtaining thrust from the reaction force. The material carried by the rocket is called the propellant.
【history】
The book Wujing Zongyao, written during the Southern Song dynasty, contains a diagram and explanation of the composition of black powder and something called a "gunpowder fletching arrow," and although some say that this is the prototype of a rocket, it seems more accurate to see it as a firecracker.

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Congreve, W (scientist)" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…技術史的には人力や畜力によることなく運動し続ける機械を指し,物理学の概念としては外部に対して仕事をするが,それ自身には何ら変化を残さないような装置をいう。西洋では天の運動を除いて永遠なものはないと考えられていたので,地上でのそのような機械の製作は不可能とみなされていたが,すべてを輪廻のもとに考えるインドで,永久機関が着想された。具体的には1150年ころインドの天文学者で数学者だったバースカラ2世が《第一真理論》という書物の中で永久機関の考案を叙述している。…

【ロケット】より

…ロケット推進機関あるいはこれを備えた飛翔(ひしよう)体の呼称。ロケット推進機関はロケットエンジンあるいはロケットモーターとも呼ばれる。ロケットは自身が携行する物質を加速放出し,その反動で推進力を得ることを特徴としており,このための携行物質を推進材という。
【歴史】
 南宋時代に書かれた《武経総要》という書物に,黒色火薬の組成と〈火薬鞭箭〉なるものの図と説明が記載されており,これをロケットの原形とする説もあるが,爆竹とみるほうが正しいようである。…

※「Congreve,W(科学者)」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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