Hus - Jan Hus (English spelling)

Bohemian Reformer. Born to a peasant family. Studied at the University of Prague, he became a professor there in 1398, and served as rector from 1402 to 1403. He also served as dean of the Church of Bethlehem in Prague from 1402, where he made a great impression on the citizens with his sermons in Czech. Wycliffe's works were introduced to Bohemia, and Hus had been reading them since around 1398, but the influence of his sermons at the beginning of his preaching at the Church of Bethlehem was not yet very evident, and he placed emphasis on moral reform. However, many of his fellow Czech professors supported the theory of Wycliffe, and he gradually came to sympathize with it, denounced simony and the corruption of the clergy, and took the lead in the Reformation movement. In 1409, nationalistic reforms were implemented at the University of Prague, and he was elected rector again, but in 1410 the Archbishop of Prague ordered the confiscation and burning of Wycliffe's works, and excommunicated Hus and his group for denouncing the order. This was revoked once, but in 1412 he was excommunicated again for his harsh criticism of the sale of indulgences to raise funds for the Crusade against the King of Naples. He was protected by the nobles of South Bohemia and followed his works such as De ecclesia , but in 1414 he was summoned to the Council of Constance, and although he was given a pass of safety by Emperor Sigismund and went there, he was arrested and imprisoned, and on July 6, 1415, he was declared a heretic and burned at the stake.

Hus's ideas were based on faithfulness to the Bible, and he placed emphasis on reforming the bad habits of the church. He did not reject the doctrine of transubstantiation, and was more moderate than Wycliffe. However, in his ecclesiological writings he rejected the superiority of the Church of Rome and the supremacy of the Pope. His criticism of the church was linked to the Czech nationalist movement and received widespread support, and after his execution, the Hussite Wars broke out.

[Kenjiro Nakamura January 19, 2018]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

ボヘミアの宗教改革者。農民の生まれ。プラハ大学に学び、1398年同大学教授、1402～1403年には学長を務めるとともに、1402年からプラハのベツレヘム教会の主席司祭を兼ね、チェコ語による説教で市民に大きな感銘を与えた。ボヘミアにはウィクリフの著作が紹介され、フスも1398年ごろからその著作を読んでいたが、ベツレヘム教会での説教の当初はまだその影響はあまり認められず、道徳的革新に力点が置かれていた。しかし同僚チェコ人教授の間にはウィクリフ説を支持する者が多く、彼もしだいにその説に共鳴するとともに、聖職売買や聖職者の堕落を糾弾して、宗教改革運動の先頭にたつに至った。1409年プラハ大学で国民主義的な改革が実施され、彼はふたたび学長に選ばれたが、1410年プラハ大司教はウィクリフの著作の没収と焼却を命じ、その命令を非難したフスとその一派を破門、それはいったん取り消されたが、1412年ナポリ王に対する十字軍の戦費調達のための贖宥(しょくゆう)状（免罪符）販売を激しく批判して再度破門された。彼は南ボヘミアの貴族に保護されて、『教会論』De ecclesiaなどの著作に従っていたが、1414年コンスタンツの公会議に召喚され、皇帝ジギスムントの通行安全証を与えられて同地に赴いたにもかかわらず、そこで逮捕投獄され、1415年7月6日異端の宣告を受けて焚刑(ふんけい)に処せられた。

　フスの思想は、聖書に忠実であることを基本とし、教会の弊風刷新に重きを置いていて、化体説も否定せず、ウィクリフに比べて穏健であった。しかし教会論の著作ではローマ教会の優越的地位やローマ教皇の至上権は否定している。彼の教会批判はチェコ人の民族主義運動と結び付いて、広範な支持を受け、処刑後にはフス戦争が勃発(ぼっぱつ)した。

［中村賢二郎　2018年1月19日］

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