Ernst, Richard Robert

Japanese: エルンスト（英語表記）Ernst， Richard Robert

Born August 14, 1933, Winterthur, Switzerland Swiss chemist. Graduated from the Chemistry Department of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1956, and obtained his PhD in physical chemistry from the same university in 1962. After serving as a researcher at the Varian Society in Palo Alto, California, USA from 1963 to 1968, he returned to Switzerland and became a lecturer at his alma mater, becoming an associate professor in 1970 and a professor in 1976. During his research in the USA, he discovered a method to dramatically improve the accuracy of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In other words, he changed the conventional method of slowly changing the wavelength of electromagnetic waves to a method of instantly applying a strong pulsed electromagnetic wave, and then obtained an absorption spectrum by applying a Fourier transform to the signal emitted by the sample. This discovery expanded the range of objects that could be analyzed. Furthermore, since the late 1970s, he has expanded NMR to three and four dimensions, making it possible to apply it to various fields such as biochemistry, medicine, biology, and condensed matter physics. In 1991, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Ernst
Ernst, Max (Maximilien)

Born: April 2, 1891, Brühl, Cologne
[Died] April 1, 1976. Seisen German-born French painter and sculptor. Studied philosophy at the University of Bonn, and was self-taught in painting. After World War I, he started the Dada movement in Cologne with Baalgeld, and invented collage, which involved pasting together illustrations from unrelated books to create paintings with literary and intellectual concepts. His representative work is "The Hundred-Headed Woman" (1929). In 1922, he moved to Paris, where he became a representative Surrealist. In 1925, he was the first to adopt the technique of frottage, in which paper is placed on the surface of an object and then rubbed with a pencil like a rubbing, and produced fantastical works such as "Natural History" (26). In 1941, he went to the United States, and published the Surrealist magazine "VVV" in New York with A. Breton and others. In 1953, he returned to France. His art treatise is "Au delà de la peinture" (37).

Ernst
Ernst, Paul (Karl Friedrich)

Born: March 7, 1866 in Elbingerode
Died: May 13, 1933. St. Georgen, Austria. German novelist and playwright. Initially studied in Berlin, where he was sympathetic to naturalism and Marxism, but later devoted himself to the study of sociology, coming to see medieval society as a model for a new society. He advocated neoclassicism together with Scholz and Lublinski. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in the countryside. His works include the tragedy Canossa (1908), Brunhild (09), and a collection of essays Der Weg zur Form (06). He showed an extraordinary talent for short stories, leaving behind around 300 works, including Komödiantengeschichten (20).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1933.8.14. スイス，ウィンタートゥール
スイスの化学者。 1956年チューリヒのスイス連邦工科大学化学科を卒業，62年同大学で物理化学博士号を取得。 63～68年アメリカ，カリフォルニア州パロアルトのバリアン協会研究員を経て，スイスに戻り，母校で講師となり，70年助教授，76年教授に就任。アメリカでの研究時代に，高分解能核磁気共鳴 (NMR) 分析法の精度を飛躍的に高める方法を発見した。すなわち従来の電磁波の波長をゆっくりと変化させる方法を，強力なパルス状の電磁波を瞬時にかける方法に変え，さらに試料が発する信号にフーリエ変換を施して吸収スペクトルを得るのである。この発見により分析可能な対象が広がった。さらに 1970年代後半以降は NMRを3次元，4次元にまで拡張し，生化学，医学，生物学，物性物理学などさまざまな分野での応用を可能にした。 91年ノーベル化学賞を受賞。

エルンスト
Ernst， Max(Maximilien)

[生]1891.4.2. ケルン，ブリュール
[没]1976.4.1. セイセン
ドイツ出身のフランスの画家，彫刻家。ボン大学で哲学を学び，絵は独学。第1次世界大戦後バールゲルトとともにケルンでダダの運動を起し，互いに無関係な書物の挿絵を張合せて，文学的で知的な構想の画面を形成するコラージュを創始。代表作は『百頭女』 (1929) 。 1922年パリに移り代表的なシュルレアリストとして活躍。 25年には物の表面に紙を当て，その上から鉛筆などで拓本のようにこするフロッタージュの技法を初めて採用し，『博物誌』 (26) など幻想的な作品を制作。 41年渡米しニューヨークで A.ブルトンらとシュルレアリスムの雑誌『VVV』を刊行。 53年フランスに帰る。画論に『絵画の彼岸』 Au delà de la peinture (37) がある。

エルンスト
Ernst， Paul (Karl Friedrich)

[生]1866.3.7. エルビンゲローデ
[没]1933.5.13. オーストリア，ザンクトゲオルゲン
ドイツの小説家，劇作家。初めベルリンで学び，自然主義やマルクス主義に共鳴したが，のち離れ社会学の研究に打込み，特に中世社会を新しい社会のモデルと考えるにいたる。ショルツやルブリンスキーらと新古典主義を提唱。晩年は農村に引きこもって生活。悲劇『カノッサ』 Canossa (1908) ，『ブルーンヒルト』 Brunhild (09) ，評論集『形式への道』 Der Weg zur Form (06) などがあるが，特に短編小説に非凡の才を示し約 300編を残し，『喜劇役者たち』 Komödiantengeschichten (20) などがある。

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