Art

Japanese: arte
Art

…Generally, it refers to trade associations of merchants and industrialists in medieval and early modern Europe, but such trade associations are also widely seen in premodern Japan, China, Islamic societies, and India. In German, they are called Gilde, Zunft, and Innung, in French, compagnonnage, and in Italian, arte. In Japan, they are translated as trade associations or trade unions. …

From 【Art】

…In this period, attempts were made to define beauty as a sensory value, and a clear distinction was made between natural beauty and artistic beauty, with the latter being praised as the product of the human spirit (GWF Hegel). Pure art that has no other purpose than the expression of beauty, or so-called "art for art's sake" (named by V. Cousin), was considered to be true art. The concept of art here actually emerged around this time, and the words ars (Latin), art (French, English), arte (Italian), and Kunst (German) that had been used since the Middle Ages were used as they were, but were given new meanings. In other words, since the Middle Ages, this word had been used to mean "technique" or "skillful finishing," but it was given a new meaning as the art of expressing beauty (what we call art today), and to further clarify this, the word "beautiful" was added, and the word "fine art" (Beaux-Arts, etc.) was born. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "arte" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…一般的には中・近世ヨーロッパにおける商工業者の職種ごとの仲間団体をさすが,このような同職仲間的な団体は,広く前近代の日本,中国,イスラム社会,インドにもみられる。ドイツ語ではギルドGilde,ツンフトZunft,インヌングInnung,フランス語ではコンパニオナージュcompagnonnage,イタリア語ではアルテarteとよばれる。日本では,同職組合,同業組合と訳されている。…

【美術】より

…この時代には,感覚的価値としての美の定義が試みられ,自然美と芸術美が峻別されて両者のうち後者が人間精神の所産として優位にあるものとしてたたえられ(G.W.F.ヘーゲル),美の表現以外のものを目的としない純粋な芸術いわゆる〈芸術のための芸術l’art pour l’art〉(V.クーザンが命名)こそ真の芸術であるとされた。ここでいう芸術という概念も実はこのころ発生したのであり,語としては中世以来のアルスars(ラテン語),アール,アートart(フランス語,英語),アルテarte(イタリア語),クンストKunst(ドイツ語)がそのまま用いられて,それに新しい意味づけがされたのである。つまり中世以来,この語は〈技術〉〈巧みな仕上げ〉などの意味で用いられてきたが,それに新たに美を表現する術という意味づけがされ(今日でいう芸術),さらにこれを明確にするために〈美しい〉という語を加えて〈美術〉(ボーザールほか)という語が生まれたのである。…

※「arte」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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