Open - Open

…Especially in the Song and Ming dynasties, many troops were stationed on the border to defend against foreign tribes in the north, and merchants were given bills of sale of salt in exchange for supplying them with food and fodder. In the Song dynasty, this was called Ruzhong or Zhizhong, and in the Ming dynasty, Kaizhong. The Kaizhong method of the Ming dynasty issued bills of sale called Cangchao to merchants who delivered food and fodder to the border, and the merchants took these to the government office in the salt-producing region and exchanged them for salt. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "opening" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…とくに宋と明では北方の異民族防衛のため辺境に多数の軍隊が常駐したが，その糧秣を供給する代価として商人に塩の販売手形が支給された。宋では入中または折中，明では開中と呼ばれる。明代の開中法は，糧秣を辺境に納入した商人に倉鈔と呼ばれる手形を発行し，商人はそれを産塩地の官署に持参して，塩引と交換して塩の支給を受けた。…

※「開中」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報