Walden Reversal - Waldenhunten

Japanese: ワルデン反転 - ワルデンハンテン
Walden Reversal - Waldenhunten

Inversion of configuration that occurs in a substitution reaction at a (carbon) atom at an asymmetric center. P. Walden discovered that when making chlorosuccinic acid from malic acid, using thionyl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride resulted in products with opposite optical rotation. In other words, since optical isomers are produced starting from the same optically active substance but using different reagents, in either case, inversion of configuration must occur during substitution. Subsequent research into reaction mechanisms revealed that SN2 reactions generally involve Walden inversion. Inversion occurs when a nucleophilic reagent attacks an asymmetric carbon atom, and at the same time attacks from behind in a concerted manner as the leaving group moves away. The asymmetric center does not have to be a carbon atom.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

不斉中心の(炭素)原子に対する置換反応で起こる立体配置の反転.P. Walden(ワルデン)はリンゴ酸からクロロコハク酸をつくるとき,塩化チオニルを用いた場合と五塩化リンを用いた場合で,旋光性が互いに反対のものが得られることを発見した.つまり,同一の光学活性体から出発しながら試薬の相違によって光学異性体ができるのであるから,いずれか一方の場合には,置換するとき立体配置の反転が起こっていなければならない.その後,反応機構の研究からSN2型反応において,一般的にワルデン反転を伴うことが明らかになった.求核試薬が不斉炭素原子を攻撃する際,脱離基が離れていくと同時に協奏的に背後から攻撃する場合に反転が起こる.不斉中心は炭素原子でなくてもよい.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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