Warsaw - Warsaw (English spelling)

Japanese: ワルシャワ - わるしゃわ（英語表記）Warszawa

The capital of the Republic of Poland. It is located in the central-eastern part of Poland, in the Masovian Voivodeship of the Masovian Region. It has a population of 1,609,700 (2002). Its English name is Warsaw. The city is formed on the river terraces on both sides of the middle reaches of the Vistula River. The low-lying plain of the Vistula River basin is part of a tectonic plain that stretches from the North German Plain to the vast Russian Plain. Warsaw is located in the center of the agricultural region of the middle reaches of the Vistula River, and is a large city that exists like an island in an economically backward region. The average temperature is -3.3°C in January and 17.9°C in July, making for harsh winters and comfortable summers.

Although it was damaged during the Second World War, after the war it developed as a base for the country's economic growth, and its population rapidly increased from 830,000 in 1950 to 1.16 million in 1960, and further to 1.35 million in 1970. Before the war, light industries such as textiles, leather, flour milling, and matches were the main industries, but now metal and machinery industries are the main industries. The city and the surrounding urban areas make up Warsaw Voivodeship, and its industries account for 12.7% (1997) of the total industrial production, with the production of passenger cars (22% of the national production), general-purpose tractors (70%), and televisions (36%) being particularly important. Other industries include chemicals, metal processing, food, and textiles. The industrial population of Warsaw Voivodeship accounts for 30.6% of the total employed population (1997). New industrial districts were built in the north of the city and on the right bank of the Vistula River, and the surrounding satellite cities of Ursus, Żelany, and Pruszków became new industrial areas.

Warsaw is a major hub for land, sea and air transport, with international trains to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Sofia and other cities departing from Warsaw Central Station. Okęce International Airport in the south of the city has air routes to cities in Eastern and Western Europe, and the river port on the Vistula River is connected by a network of canals to the Dnieper, Odra and Elbe rivers, making it the center of inland water transport.

There are numerous academic, cultural and artistic facilities, including the Polish Academy of Sciences and its research institutes, higher education institutions such as the University of Warsaw (founded in 1818) and the University of Technology (founded in 1826), the National Museum, the Historical Museum, the Great Opera House, the Symphony Orchestra, the National Library, and the Warsaw Public Library. The city is also famous for the International Chopin Piano Competition, which has been held every five years since 1927. Palaces from the 17th and 18th centuries, including the former Royal Palace, are used as government offices. In the southern suburbs remains the Baroque Wilanów Palace, the summer residence of King Sobieski III. Although it was damaged in World War II, the old town has been restored, and many old churches, such as the 14th century Gothic St. John's Church, stand around the Market Square.

[Shigeru Yamamoto]

history

Around the 10th century, settlements and fortresses were established, and in the 15th and 16th centuries, the castle of the Duke of Mazovia was established. It became part of the Kingdom of Poland in 1526, and developed after King Sigismund III designated it as the capital of the kingdom in 1596. Development was temporarily hindered in the 17th century by the invasion of Swedish troops and the plague epidemic, but it recovered rapidly afterwards, and showed remarkable development in the second half of the 18th century. The population decreased after it became part of Prussia with the Third Partition of Poland (1795). In 1807, it became the capital of the Duchy of Warsaw founded by Napoleon, and in 1815 it became the capital of the Kingdom of Russian Poland established at the Congress of Vienna. In 1818, a university was established, and it became a cultural and industrial center. Anti-Russian uprisings occurred in 1830 and 1864, and after the uprisings were suppressed, the repressive policies were strengthened, but in the second half of the 19th century, it was connected to European cities by rail, flourished as a commercial center, and its population rapidly increased. The labor movement also became active from the end of the 19th century. During World War I, it was occupied by German troops, but in 1918, when the Republic of Poland gained independence, it became its capital. During World War II, it was occupied by Nazi Germany, and there was a civil resistance movement, and many Poles and Jews were oppressed and massacred. In particular, the repression of the Jewish ghetto uprising in 1943 was extremely severe. In August 1944, a Polish uprising occurred, but it did not receive support from the Soviet Union, which was behind it, and many citizens were killed, leading to the surrender in October of the same year. 80% of the city was destroyed during World War II, but it was rapidly rebuilt after the war, and the old town in particular was completely restored to its original state. Under the socialist system, when mass movements such as the independent trade union Solidarity were active, it was hidden behind industrial cities such as Gdansk. However, after the collapse of the socialist system and Communist rule due to the Eastern European Revolution in 1989, it is gradually regaining its former image as an international city, serving as a base for peddlers from Eastern European countries, and thanks to the influx of Western capital and its membership in the EU.

[Ichiro Abe]

[References] | Poland

Former Royal Palace
It was remodeled in the 17th century by Zygmunt III, who moved the capital from Krakow to Warsaw. It was destroyed during the Second World War, but was restored in 1988 and is now a museum. Part of the World Heritage Site "Historic Center of Warsaw" (Poland, registered in 1980) Poland Warsaw ©Shogakukan ">

Former Royal Palace

Wilanów Palace
The summer palace of King Sobieski III. A Baroque palace built in the 17th century, it has undergone repeated expansions and renovations to become what it is today. Warsaw, Poland ©Shogakukan ">

Wilanów Palace

Old Town Market Square
Surrounded by colorful buildings, it is bustling with people gathering at street stalls and cafes. It is in the center of the old town. Part of the World Heritage Site "Historic Center of Warsaw" (Poland, registered in 1980) Poland Warsaw ©Shogakukan ">

Old Town Market Square

Barbican
A fortress built in the 16th century in the northern part of the Old Town. Made of red brick, it is a semi-cylindrical fortress, which is rare in Europe. Part of the World Heritage Site "Historic Center of Warsaw" (Poland, registered in 1980) Poland Warsaw ©Shogakukan ">

Barbican

Chopin Statue
It is located in the garden of Chopin's birthplace (Chopin Museum) in Żelazowa Wola. Near Warsaw, Poland ©Shogakukan ">

Chopin Statue

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ポーランド共和国の首都。ポーランド中東部、マゾフシェ地方マゾフシェ県にある。人口160万9700（2002）。英語名ワルソー（ウォーソー）Warsaw。市街地はビスワ川中流両岸の河岸段丘上に形成されている。ビスワ川流域の低平な平野は、北ドイツ平野から広大なロシア平原に至る構造平野の一部である。ワルシャワはビスワ川中流域の農業地域の中央にあり、経済的に後進地域の中に島状に存在する大都市である。平均気温は1月零下3.3℃、7月17.9℃で、冬は厳しく夏は過ごしやすい。

　第二次世界大戦で被害を受けたが、戦後、国の経済成長の拠点として発展し、人口は1950年の83万から1960年の116万へ、さらに1970年の135万へと急速に増加した。戦前の工業は繊維、皮革、製粉、マッチなど軽工業が主力であったが、現在は金属・機械工業が中心である。周辺市街地を含めてワルシャワ県を構成し、ワルシャワ県の工業は全工業生産の12.7％（1997）を占め、とくに乗用車（全国生産の22％）、汎用(はんよう)トラクター（70％）、テレビ（36％）の生産が重要である。ほかに化学、金属加工、食品、繊維の諸工業が立地する。ワルシャワ県の工業人口は全就業人口の30.6％を占める（1997）。市北部やビスワ川の右岸に新しい工業地区が建設され、周辺の衛星都市ウルススやジェラニ、プルシュコフは新しい工業地域となった。

　ワルシャワは水陸空の交通上の大結節点で、サンクト・ペテルブルグ、モスクワ、ベルリン、パリ、ウィーン、ソフィアなどへの国際列車がワルシャワ中央駅から発着する。市南部のオケンツェ国際空港からは東西ヨーロッパ各都市へ航空路が開かれ、ビスワ川にある河港は運河網によりドニエプル川、オドラ（オーデル）川、エルベ川と結ばれ、内陸水運の中心となっている。

　学術、文化、芸術関係の施設としては、ポーランド科学アカデミーとその諸研究所、ワルシャワ大学（1818創立）や工科大学（1826創立）などの高等教育機関、国立博物館、歴史博物館、大オペラ劇場、交響楽団、国立図書館、ワルシャワ公共図書館など、多数が存在する。また1927年以来5年ごとに開かれるショパン国際ピアノ・コンクールは有名である。旧王宮をはじめとする17、18世紀の宮殿は政府関係の庁舎として使われている。南郊にはソビエスキ3世の夏の離宮でバロック様式のビラヌフ宮殿が残る。第二次世界大戦で被害を受けたが旧市街は復原され、市場広場を中心に、14世紀ゴシック様式の聖ヤン教会など古い教会が多く建っている。

［山本　茂］

歴史

10世紀ごろに集落や城塞(じょうさい)ができ、15～16世紀にはマゾフシェ公の居城が置かれた。1526年からポーランド王国領となり、1596年にジグムント3世がここを王国の首都に定めてから発展した。17世紀にスウェーデン軍の侵入やペストの流行によって一時発展を阻害されたが、その後急速に復興し、18世紀後半には著しい発展を示した。第三次ポーランド分割（1795）によってプロイセン領となってからは人口が減少した。1807年にはナポレオンが創設したワルシャワ公国の首都となり、1815年からはウィーン会議で成立したロシア領ポーランド王国の首都となり、1818年には大学が設立され、文化、産業の中心地となった。1830年と1864年に反ロシア蜂起(ほうき)が起こり、蜂起鎮圧後は抑圧政策が強化されるが、19世紀後半にはヨーロッパの諸都市と鉄道で結ばれるようになり、商業の中心地として栄え、人口も急増した。また19世紀末からは労働運動が活発になった。第一次世界大戦中はドイツ軍に占領されたが、1918年、ポーランド共和国の独立に際し、その首都となった。第二次世界大戦中はナチス・ドイツによって占領され、市民の抵抗運動があり、多くのポーランド人やユダヤ人が抑圧、虐殺された。とくに1943年のユダヤ人ゲットーの蜂起に対する弾圧は峻烈(しゅんれつ)を極めた。また1944年8月にはポーランド人の蜂起が起きたが、背後にあったソ連の支援を受けられず、多くの市民が殺され、同年10月降伏した。第二次世界大戦では市の80％が破壊されたが、戦後急速に復興し、とくに旧市街はすべて元どおりに復原された。社会主義体制下、自主独立労組「連帯」などの大衆運動が盛んな時代にはグダニスクなど工業都市のかげに隠れていたが、1989年の東欧革命による社会主義体制と共産党支配の崩壊ののち、東欧諸国からの行商人などの拠点として、また、西側の資本の流入やEU加盟などにより、かつての国際都市の面影を取り戻しつつある。

［安部一郎］

[参照項目] | ポーランド

旧王宮
クラクフからワルシャワに遷都したジグムント3世によって17世紀に改築された。第二次世界大戦で破壊されたが、1988年に復元され、現在は博物館となっている。世界文化遺産「ワルシャワ歴史地区」の一部（ポーランド・1980年登録）　ポーランド　ワルシャワ©Shogakukan">

旧王宮

ビラヌフ宮殿

旧市街市場広場

バルバカン

ショパン像

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

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