Wateki

In China, this refers to the purchase of grain by the government. Such purchases have been conducted from time to time since the Han dynasty for price control and relief. However, after the Tang Dynasty's two tax laws, the developed monetary economy and the power of merchants allowed the government to operate its finances more flexibly. Grain supplies for the military and bureaucrats came to be paid not only through taxes but also through purchases, and in the Song Dynasty, the practice of he tuo developed and differentiated. He means fair or relative, and originally meant purchasing rice in cash at a price agreed upon by the private sector. This type of he tuo was used to purchase rice for the government to send north from Jiangnan. Eventually, in the northern region, payments were made in securities, bills, and goods to accommodate merchants, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, it was also used to replenish taxes. This type of purchase, called shi tuo, was linked to the salt law in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Yoshinobu Shiba]

``History of the Song Dynasty Municipality System'' by Yoshinobu Shiba (included in ``Aoyama Dr. Kouki Memorial Song Dynasty History Series'', 1974, Shoshin Shobo)''

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国で政府による穀物の買上げのこと。こうした買上げは物価調節や救済のため、漢代以来随時行われていた。しかし唐の両税法以後、発達した貨幣経済と商人勢力を利用して、国の財政を弾力的に運用するようになると、軍隊や官僚の消費する穀物の補給を、租税だけでなく買上げで賄うようになり、宋(そう)代では和糴が発達し分化を遂げた。和とは公平とか相対(あいたい)を意味し、本来、民間の合意する値段で現金で買い上げることである。この種の和糴は江南から北送する官米の買上げに用いられた。やがて北辺では商人の便宜を図って証券や手形、物品による支払いも行われ、南宋では租税の補充にも使われた。こうした買上げ＝市糴(してき)は明(みん)・清(しん)では塩法(えんぽう)と結び付いた。

［斯波義信］

『斯波義信著『宋代市糴制度の沿革』（『青山博士古稀記念宋代史論叢』所収・1974・省心書房）』

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