German economist. Born in Greifswald, Pomerania. Studied law at the universities of Göttingen and Berlin, and after graduation worked as a judicial officer for a time. In 1836 he bought a farm in Jagetzow, where he settled. He worked in farming and devoted himself to the study of economics, history, and social issues. He also served as Minister of Education in Prussia for a very short time after the March Revolution in 1848. His major works include "Towards a State of the National Economy" (1842) and "On Rent" (1851), but in the history of economics he has only made a small contribution with a few proposals on rent. He based his theory of surplus value on the labor theory of Ricardo, one of the representatives of British classical economics, and defined the value that workers produce in excess of the wages they receive as rent (rente) (= surplus value), and believed that rent includes rent and profits. Based on this view, he argued for the underconsumption theory of depression, which states that an increase in capitalist productivity inevitably leads to a decrease in wages, thereby bringing about the impoverishment of the working class and a depression caused by underconsumption. [Yukichi Furusawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの経済学者。ポンメルンのグライフスワルトに生まれる。ゲッティンゲンとベルリンの両大学で法律学を学び、卒業後は一時司法官としての生活を送った。1836年ヤゲッツォーに農場を購入し、それ以来この地に定住、自ら耕作に従事しつつ、経済学、歴史学、社会問題などの研究に専念した。もっとも、48年の三月革命後、きわめて短期間であるがプロイセンの文部大臣に就任したこともある。彼の主著としては『国家経済の現状認識のために』(1842)や『地代論』(1851)などが知られているが、経済学史上は地代にかかわるいくつかの提言でわずかにその功績をとどめているにすぎない。すなわち彼は、イギリス古典派経済学の代表者の1人リカードの労働価値説に立脚して剰余価値論を基礎づけ、労働者が自ら取得する賃金以上に生み出した価値を賃料(レンテ)(=剰余価値)として規定し、この賃料のなかにこそ地代および利潤が含まれるものと考えた。この見解に基づいて、彼は、資本主義的生産力の増大が不可避的に賃金を減少せしめることになり、ひいては労働者階級の貧困化と消費不足に基因する恐慌をもたらすという過少消費説的恐慌論を主張した。 [古沢友吉] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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